General Motors
General Motors
Why Submit Articles? Top Authors TopArticles FAQ AB Answers
0 && $.browser.msie ) { var ie_version =parseInt($.browser.version); if(ie_version Hello Guest Login
Register Hello My Home Sign Out
Email Password Remember me?Lost Password?
Home Page > Business > Corporate > GeneralMotors
General Motors
Posted: Oct 09, 2010 |Comments: 0
|
]]>
Company overview
General Motors GMT800 truck assembly line.
In 2009, General Motors employs approximately 244,500 people around theworld. The Renaissance Center located in Detroit, Michigan, United States, isthe global headquarters of General Motors. In 2008, GM sold 8.35 million carsand trucks globally. GM is the majority shareholder in GM Daewoo Auto &Technology Co. of South Korea and has collaborations with Shanghai AutomotiveIndustry Corporation of China, AvtoVAZ of Russia, and most recently,UzAvtoSanoat of Uzbekistan. GM has had collaborations with various automakersincluding Fiat (see GM/Fiat Premium platform) and Ford Motor Company.[citationneeded] GM retains various stakes in different automakers. General Motors’ bestsuccess internationally has unquestionbly been its performance in China, GMsales rose 66.9% in 2009, selling 1,830,000 vehicles and accounting for 13.4%of the market.
GM received loans from European governments in 2009, and has reduced itsownership stake in European operations as part of its reorganization.” As ofJuly 10, 2009, the new GM has over $40 B in cash, with the company’sreorganized liability total of $48.8 B which includes $24.4 B to be paid to theVoluntary Employee Benefits Association (VEBA) trust, $9 B to the U.S. andCanadian governments, and $15 B in liabilities to suppliers and other bills. GMis slated to pay $10 B to the VEBA trust in December 2009, with the remainderbeing paid in increments from 2012-19. GM isn’t required to make contributionsto its pension fund until 2013, but it may elect to if needed, since thecompany contribued $15.2 B to its pension fund in 2003. Stock market conditionscause the fund value to fluctuate. In February 2009, GM’s combined pension fundhad about $85 B in assets, $56B in assets for hourly pensions and $29B inassets for salaried pensions. The domain name gm.com attracted at least 7million visitors annually by 2008.
GM worldwide vehicle sales by country 2008
(thousands)
Rank
in GM
Country
Vehicle
sales
Market
share (%)
Rank
in GM
Country
Vehicle
sales
Market
share (%)
1
United States
2,981
22.1%
9
Australia
133
13.1%
2
China
1,095
12.0%
10
Republic of Korea
117
9.7%
3
Brazil
549
19.5%
11
France
114
4.4%
4
United Kingdom
384
15.4%
12
Spain
107
7.8%
5
Canada
359
21.4%
13
Argentina
95
15.5%
6
Russia
338
11.1%
14
Venezuela
91
33.3%
7
Germany
300
8.8%
15
Colombia
80
36.3%
8
Mexico
212
19.8%
16
India
66
3.3%
Top 4 markets/regions by vehicle sales in 2008 (thousands)
1
North America
3,552
21.9%
3
European Union
905
12.3%
2
China
1,095
12.0%
4
South America
815
20.8%
Structure
See also: Cadillac, Buick, GMC (automobile), Chevrolet, List of GMfactories, and List of GM engines
General Motors is structured into the following operating groups:
Group
Number of employees
March 2009
GMAP (GM Asia-Pacific)
33,000
GME (GM Europe)
55,000
GM LAAM (GM Latin America, Africa and the Middle East)
33,000
GMNA (GM North America)
112,000
Other operations
2,000
Total number of employees
235,000
Management
The Renaissance Center in Detroit, Michigan, is the world headquarters ofGeneral Motors.
On July 23, 2009, GM announced its new Board of Directors: Daniel F.Akerson, David Bonderman, Robert D. Krebs, Patricia F. Russo and Ed Whitacre(GM Chairman & Interim CEO) Board members who are not GM employees will bepaid US$200,000 annually.
As of December 1, 2009, The General Motors Board Of Directors acceptedFrederick Henderson’s resignation. In January 2010, chairman Ed Whitacre wasappointed permanent CEO after previously serving in an interim capacity.
On December 4, 2009, GM announced leadership changes in a press release.
Edward Whitacre, Jr. – Chairman of the Board of the Directors and CEO
Robert A. Lutz – Vice Chairman, advisor on design and global productdevelopment
Chris Liddell – Vice Chairman and Chief Financial Officer
Thomas G. Stephens – Vice Chairman, Global Product Operations
Mark Reuss – President, GM North America
David N. Reilly – President, GM Europe
Timothy E. Lee – President, GM International Operations (Asia-Pacific, LatinAmerica, Africa, and Middle East)
Ray Young – vice president, International Operations
Edward T. Welburn – Global Vice President of General Motors Design, currentand only the sixth head designer.
For additional Senior Management see GM Senior Leadership Group
General Motors is a conglomerate.
History
Main article: History of General Motors
General Motors was founded on September 16, 1908, in Flint, Michigan, as aholding company for Buick, then controlled by William C. Durant. It acquiredOldsmobile later that year. In 1909, Durant brought in Cadillac, Elmore,Oakland and several others. Also in 1909, General Motors acquired the RelianceMotor Truck Company of Owosso, Michigan, and the Rapid Motor Vehicle Company ofPontiac, Michigan, the predecessors of GMC Truck. Durant lost control of GM in1910 to a bankers’ trust, because of the large amount of debt taken on in itsacquisitions coupled with a collapse in new vehicle sales. A few years later,Durant started the Chevrolet Motor car company and through this he secretlypurchased a controlling interest in GM. Durant took back control of the companyafter one of the most dramatic proxy wars in American business history. Durantthen reorganized General Motors Company into General Motors Corporation.Shortly after, he again lost control, this time for good, after the new vehiclemarket collapsed. Alfred P. Sloan was picked to take charge of the corporationand led it to its post war global dominance. This unprecedented growth of GMwould last into the early 1980s when it employed 349,000 workers and operated150 assembly plants.
GM previously led in global sales for 77 consecutive years (1931 to 2008),longer than any other automaker.
Chapter 11 reorganization
Main article: General Motors Chapter 11 reorganization
On July 10, 2009, a new entity, NGMCO Inc. purchased the ongoing operationsand trademarks from General Motors Corporation. The purchasing company in turnchanged its name from NGMCO Inc. to General Motors Company, marking theemergence of a new operation from the “pre-packaged” Chapter 11 reorganization.Under the reorganization process, termed a 363 sale (for Section 363 which islocated in Title 11, Chapter 3, Subchapter IV of the United States Code, a partof the Bankruptcy Code), the purchaser of the assets of a company in bankruptcyproceedings is able to obtain approval for the purchase from the court prior tothe submission of a re-organization plan, free of liens and other claims. Itused in most Chapter 11 cases that involve a sale of property or other assets.This process is typical of large organizations with complex branding andintellectual property rights issues upon exiting bankruptcy. The new companyplans to issue an initial public offering (IPO) of stock in 2010.
GM’s remaining pre-petition creditors’ claims are paid from the remainingassets of Motors Liquidation Company, the new name of the former General MotorsCorporation, although the directors of that company believe its debts faroutweigh its assets. This means that while the former GM’s bondholders mayrecover a small portion of their investment, former GM shareholders (nowshareholders of Motors Liquidation Company) will likely not receiveanything.
Also on July 10, 2009, GM announced plans to trim its U.S. workforce by20,000 employees as part of its reorganization by the end of 2009 due toeconomic conditions.
The following table is a comparison (estimates) of the new GM and the oldGM:
Old GM (before July 10, 2009)
New GM (after July 10, 2009)
Buick, Cadillac, Chevrolet, GMDaewoo (48.2%), GMC, Holden, Hummer,Oldsmobile, Opel, Pontiac, Saab, Saturn, Vauxhall
Brands
Buick, Cadillac, Chevrolet, GMDaewoo (70.1%), GMC, Holden, Opel,Vauxhall
5,900
US Dealerships
3,600
Common shareholders, bondholders and secured creditors
Ownership
The United States Treasury, the Crown in Right of Canada, Old GMbondholders, and UAW union
47
US Plants
34
US$94.7 B
Debt
US$17 B
91,000
US employees
68,500
North America
Core brand focus
In North America, GM will focus primarily on its four core brands Chevrolet,Cadillac, Buick, and GMC while selling, discontinuing, or scaling back itsother brands. The White House characterized the GM restructuring as a shifttoward a new leaner, greener GM, which will aim to break even with annual salesmuch lower than previously stated. President Obama declared that therestructuring “will mark the end of an old GM, and the beginning of a new GM; anew GM that can produce the high-quality, safe, and fuel-efficient cars oftomorrow; that can lead America towards an energy independent future; and thatis once more a symbol of America’s success.”
In the middle of 2005, GM announced that its corporate chrome emblem “Markof Excellence” would begin appearing on all recently introduced and all-new2006 model vehicles produced and sold in North America. However, in 2009 the“New GM” reversed this, saying that emphasis on its four core brands woulddictate downplaying the GM name.
Production of SUVs and trucks vs. cars
In the late 1990s, the U.S. economy was on the rise and GM and Ford gainedmarket share producing enormous profits primarily from the sale of light trucksand sport-utility vehicles.
Following the September 11 attacks, a severe stock market decline caused apension and benefit fund underfunding crisis. GM began its Keep America Rollingcampaign, which boosted sales, and other auto makers were forced to followsuit. The U.S. automakers saw sales increase to leverage costs as gross marginsdeteriorated.
In 2004, GM redirected resources from the development of new sedans to anaccelerated refurbishment of their light trucks and SUVs for introduction as2007 models in early 2006. Shortly after this decision, fuel prices increasedby over 50% and this in turn affected both the trade-in value of used vehiclesand the perceived desirability of new offerings in these market segments. Thecurrent marketing plan is to tout these revised vehicles extensively asoffering the best fuel economy in their class (of vehicle). GM claims itshybrid trucks will have fuel economy improvements of 25%.
Sales
U.S. sales figures
Calendar Year
Total U.S. sales
Chg/yr.
1998
4,603,991
1999
5,017,150
9.0%
2000
4,953,163
1.3%
2001
4,904,015
1.0%
2002
4,858,705
0.9%
2003
4,756,403
2.1%
2004
4,707,416
1.0%
2005
4,517,730
4.0%
2006
4,124,645
8.7%
2007
3,866,620
6.3%
2008
2,980,688
22.9%
2009
2,084,492
30.1%
In 2005, GM promoted sales through an “employee discount” to all buyers.Marketed as the lowest possible price, GM cleared an inventory buildup of 2005models to make way for its 2006 lineup.
SUV sales
In 2008, rapidly rising gasoline prices resulted in a 30% drop-off of salesof SUVs. These had been GM’s most profitable product, often returning profitsof US$10,000 to US$15,000 per vehicle. Sales of SUVs had been decreasing since2004, and in May 2008, a US$2 billion investment program for a new SUVplatform, the CXX program, was canceled. During the first 6 months of 2008, GMlost $18.8 billion; by late October, its stock had dropped 76%, and it wasconsidering a merger with Chrysler. In only 12 months (October 2007-2008), GMsales in the US dropped 45 percent. GM’s concentration on SUVs as a profitcenter dated from the 1990s.
General Motors plant in (in Arlington, Texas) produces its largest SUVs. OnTuesday, December 23, 2008, the Janesville, Wisconsin plant, which produced theChevrolet Tahoe, the Suburban, and the GMC Yukon, and the Moraine, Ohio plantwhich produced the Chevrolet Blazer and the GMC Envoy idled production. GM hasyet to confirm future product plans for the idled facilities.
Small car sales
“As part of General Motors Company (GM)’s restructuring, it plans to reviveone of its idled U.S. factories for the production of a small car (thefactories under consideration included one in or near the cars in busville andOrion Township areas of Michigan, one in Wisconsin, and one in Tennessee; thefactory in Michigan was ultimately selected to be revived, but only 1,200 outof a former 3,400 jobs will be left). The new small car will add to a group ofsmall and fuel-efficient vehicles that the company is planning to roll out inthe near future. The retooled plant will be capable of building 160,000 carsannually, including both small and compact vehicles.
Canada
In March 2005, the Canadian Crown-in-Council provided C$200 million inincentives to General Motors for its Ontario plants to expand production andprovide jobs, according to Jim Harris.[citation needed] Similar incentives werepromised to non-North American auto companies like Toyota. Ontario PremierDalton McGuinty, said the money pledged for the project by the provincial Crownof Ontario and by the federal government was well spent.
China
The Buick brand is especially strong in China, led by the Buick Excellesubcompact. The last emperor of China owned a Buick. The Cadillac brand wasintroduced in China in 2004, starting with imports from the United States. GMpushed the marketing of the Chevrolet brand in China in 2005 as well, movingthe former Buick Sail to that marque. The company manufactures most of itsChina market vehicles locally through Shanghai GM, a joint venture with theChinese company SAIC, which was created on March 25, 1997. The Shanghai GMplant was officially opened on December 15, 1998, when the first Chinese-builtBuick came off the assembly line. The SAIC-GM-Wuling Automobile joint-ventureis also successfully selling trucks and vans under the Wuling marque (34% ownedby GM).
GM plans to invest $250m to create a research facility in Shanghai todevelop hybrid cars and alternative fuel vehicles.[citation needed]
Labor relations
Main article: 2007 General Motors strike
On September 24, 2007 General Motors workers represented by the United AutoWorkers union went on the first nationwide strike against GM since 1970. Theripple effect of the strike reached into Canada the following day as two carassembly plants and a transmission facility were forced to close. Overnight atentative agreement was reached, however, and UAW officials declared the end ofthe strike in a news conference at 4 a.m. on September 26. By the followingday, all GM workers in both countries were back to work.
A new labor contract was ratified by UAW members exactly one week after thetentative agreement was reached, passing by a majority 62% vote. In thecontract are several product and employment guarantees stretching well into thenext decade. One of GM’s key future products, the Chevy Volt, was promised tothe GM Poletown/Detroit-Hamtramck plant in 2010. Also included is a VEBA(Voluntary Employee Beneficiary Association) which will transfer retiree healthcare obligations to the UAW by 2010. This eliminates more than $50 billion fromGM’s healthcare tab. It will be funded by $30 billion in cash and $1.4 billionin GM stock paid to the UAW over the next four years of the contract. It alsoeliminates 70% of the labor cost gap with GM’s Japanese rivals.
A strike at American Axle and Manufacturing Holdings Inc. will result inlost production of an additional 230,000 vehicles in the second quarter, withan estimated $1.8 billion impact on earnings before tax, and a total strikecost of $2.81 billion.
Together with the United Auto Workers, GM created a joint venture dedicatedto the quality of life needs of employees in 1985. The UAW-GM Center for humanresources in Detroit is dedicated to providing GM salaried employees and GM UAWmembers programs and services related to medical care, diversity issues,education, training and tuition assistance, as well as programs related to workand family concerns, in addition to the traditional union-employer health andsafety partnership.
2008 Canadian Auto Workers bargaining
In an unusual move, GM Canada and the Canadian Auto Workers (CAW) unionratified a new collective bargaining contract in May 2008, four months beforethe expiration of the existing contract. As part of the agreement, among otherproduction commitments, GM pledged to maintain production at the Oshawa,Ontario pickup truck plant. Less than three weeks later, GM announced thatrising gasoline prices and falling truck sales made it necessary to closecertain truck and SUV plants, including the Oshawa pickup plant. In response,CAW members staged a 12-day blockade of the GM Canada headquarters. Afterfurther discussions with the CAW, GM agreed to compensate workers at the truckplant, as well as making product commitments for the Oshawa car assemblyplant.
Labor costs
GM announced elimination of lifetime health benefits for about 100,000 ofits white collar retirees at the end of 2008.
Auto racing
General Motors has an extensive history in numerous forms of racing. Inparticular, the Chevrolet Corvette has long been popular and successful ininternational road racing. GM also is a supplier of racing components, such asengines, transmissions, and electronics equipments.
GM’s Oldsmobile Aurora engine platform was successful in the Indy RacingLeague (IRL) throughout the 1990s, winning many races in the small V-8 class.GM has also done much work in the development of electronics for GM autoracing. An unmodified Aurora V-8 in the Aerotech, captured 47 world records,including the record for speed endurance in the Motorsports Hall of Fame ofAmerica. Recently, the Cadillac V-Series has entered motorsports racing. GM hasalso used many cars in the American racing series NASCAR. Currently theChevrolet Impala is the only entry in the series but in the past the PontiacGrand Prix, Buick Regal, Oldsmobile Cutlass, Chevrolet Lumina, ChevroletMalibu, and the Chevrolet Monte Carlo were also used.
In touring cars (mainly in Europe), Vauxhall is a key player and formerchampion in the British Touring Car Championship (BTCC) series and competeswith a Vauxhall Vectra in Super 2000 spec, although have announced plans towithdraw at the end of 2009. Opel used to participate in the DTM series andalso in the 1980s in the World Rally Championship and other Rally Series withGroup B Spec Opel Manta’s before this category of Rallying was banned.Chevrolet competes with a Chevrolet Cruze in the FIA World Touring CarChampionship (WTCC). Tempus Sport and RML also compete with privately runLacettis in the BTCC.
In Australia, there is the prestigious V8 Supercar Championship which isbattled out by the two main rivals of Holden and Ford. The current HoldenRacing Team cars are based on the Holden Commodore and run a 6.3-litreV8-cylinder engine producing 635 bhp (474 kW). These cars have a topspeed of 294 km/h (183 mph) and run 0100 km/h in 3.8 seconds.The Holden Racing Team is Australia’s most successful team in AustralianTouring Car History. In 2006 & 2007, the Drivers championship was won bythe very closely linked HSV Dealer Team.
Alternative propulsion initiatives
The company has long worked on alternative-technology vehicles, and hasrecently led the industry with ethanol burning flexible-fuel vehicles that canrun on either E85 (ethanol) or gasoline. The company was the first to useturbochargers and was an early proponent of V6 engines in the 1960s, butquickly lost interest as the muscle car race took hold. They demonstrated gasturbine vehicles powered by kerosene, an area of interest throughout theindustry, but abandoned the alternative engine configuration in view of the1973 oil crisis. In the 1970s and 1980s, GM pushed the benefits of dieselengines and cylinder deactivation technologies with disastrous results due topoor durability in the Oldsmobile diesels and drivability issues in theCadillac V8-6-4 variable cylinder engines. In 1987, GM, in conjunction withAeroVironment, built the Sunraycer, which won the inaugural World SolarChallenge and was a showcase of advanced technology. Much of the technologyfrom Sunraycer found its way into the Impact prototype electric vehicle (alsobuilt by Aerovironment) and was the predecessor to the General Motors EV1.
GM supported a compromise version of the Corporate Average Fuel Economy(CAFE) standard increase from 27 mpg-US (8.7 L/100 km;32 mpg-imp) to 35 mpg-US (6.7 L/100 km; 42 mpg-imp),the first such increase in over 20 years.
Hybrid electric initiative
Main articles: Plug-in hybrid and Chevrolet Volt
Plug-in hybrid Chevrolet Volt.
Chevrolet Tahoe Hybrid 2009.
In May 2004, GM delivered the world’s first full sized hybrid pickups, the1/2-ton Silverado/Sierra. These hybrids did not use electrical energy forpropulsion, like GM’s later designs. In 2005, the Opel Astra diesel Hybridconcept vehicle was introduced. The 2006 Saturn Vue Green Line was the firsthybrid passenger vehicle from GM and is also a mild design. GM has hinted atnew hybrid technologies to be employed that will be optimized for higher speedsin freeway driving.
GM currently offers two types of hybrid systems. The first type, used in theSaturn Vue, Saturn Aura, and Chevrolet Malibu, is what GM calls the BAS Hybridsystem a type of mild hybrid which was canceled in 2009. The second hybriddrive system, co-developed with Daimler AG and BMW, is called a “Two-ModeHybrid”. The two-mode is used by the Chevrolet Tahoe/GMC Yukon and will laterbe used on the Saturn Vue (cancelled), Cadillac Escalade, GM 1/2-ton pickupsand possibly other vehicles.
GM’s current hybrid electric models:
2009 Saturn Vue Green Line Hybrid (discontinued)
2009 Saturn Aura Green Line Hybrid (discontinued)
2009 GMC Yukon Hybrid
2009 Chevrolet Malibu Hybrid (discontinued)
2009 Chevrolet Tahoe Hybrid
2009 Cadillac Escalade Hybrid
2009 Chevrolet Silverado Hybrid
2009 GMC Sierra Hybrid
GM has recently introduced the concept cars Chevrolet Volt and OpelFlextreme, which are electric vehicles with back-up generators, powered bygasoline, E85, or fuel cells. According to GM, a production Chevrolet Volt willbe available by late 2010 as a 2011 model.
The GM Magic Bus is a hybrid powered bus.
GM sold 843 hybrids of all types during the first quarter of 2008, accordingto the industry newspaper Automotive News. Compare that with Ford, which sold5,225 hybrids during that time. CSM Worldwide, expects GM to seriously increaseits hybrid output, turning the automaker into a serious contender within thenext few years. He expects it to produce 40,000 to 50,000 hybrids this year,more than doubling last year’s production.
All-electric vehicles
Main article: General Motors EV1
Electric car EV1 shown plugged into charging station
GM was the first American company (in the modern era) to release anall-electric automobile. In 1990, GM debuted the revolutionary “Impact” conceptcar at the Los Angeles Auto Show. It was the first car with zero-emissionsmarketed in the US in over three decades. The Impact was eventually produced asthe EV1 for the 1996 model year. It was available through dealers located inonly a few regions (e.g., California, Arizona, Georgia). Vehicles were leased,rather than sold, to individuals. In 2003 GM decided to cease production of thevehicles.
General Motors has announced that it is building a prototype two-seatelectric vehicle with Segway. An early prototype of the Personal Urban Mobilityand Accessibility vehicleubbed Project P.U.M.A. — will be shown off in New Yorka day ahead of the press previews for the 2009 New York International AutoShow.
Plug-in hybrids
Main article: Plug-in hybrid
On September 16, 2008, as part of its 100th anniversary celebration, GMunveiled the “production” version of the Chevrolet Volt at the GM headquartersin Detroit.
Battery packs for electric vehicles
GM will build battery packs with LG Chem in Michigan. GM also plans to buildan automotive battery laboratory in Michigan. GM will take full responsibilityfor all the battery management systems and power electronics. The company willbuild a new factory in Michigan, but a specific site has yet to be announced,in part because negotiations are ongoing with state and local authorities onthe usual financial incentives and approvals. LG Chem’s US subsidiary, CompactPower of Troy, Michigan, has been building the prototype packs for thedevelopment vehicles and will continue to provide integration support and actas a liaison for the program.
Hydrogen initiative
Sequel, a fuel cell-powered vehicle from GM.
GM has prided its research and prototype development of hydrogen poweredvehicles, to be produced in early 2010, using a support infrastructure still ina prototype state. The economic feasibility of the technically challenginghydrogen car, and the low-cost production of hydrogen to fuel it, has also beendiscussed by other automobile manufacturers such as Ford and Chrysler.
In June 2007, Larry Burns, vice president of research and development, saidhe’s not yet willing to say exactly when hydrogen vehicles will be massproduced, but he said it should happen before 2020, the year many experts havepredicted. He said “I sure would be disappointed if we weren’t there” before2020.
Flexible-fuel vehicles
North American market
The E85, FlexFuel, Chevrolet Impala LT 2009.
GM produces several flexible-fuel vehicles that can operate on E85 ethanolfuel or gasoline, or any blend of both. Since 2006 GM started featuring abright yellow gas cap to remind drivers of the E85 capabilities, and also usingbadging with the text “Flexfuel/E85 Ethanol” to clearly mark the car as an E85FFV.
GM is the North American leader in E85 flex fuel vehicles, with over 3million FlexFuel vehicles on the road in the U.S. As of 2009, GM offers 18ethanol-enabled FlexFuel cars and trucks in the US, and produce more than onemillion new FlexFuel vehicles. GM’s goal is to have half of their annualvehicle production be E85 or biodiesel capable by 2012.
Despite the significant amount of flex fuel vehicles sold in the US andCanada, the percentage of users actually using ethanol has been very low asmany owners are not aware they owned an E85 flex or not enough E85 fuelingstations are available nearby, except for the Corn Belt states, where there isa great concentration of E85 stations, as most corn ethanol is produced there.A 2005 survey found that 68% of American flex-fuel car owners were not awarethey owned an E85 flex. Several critics have argued that GM and the otherAmerican automakers have been producing E85 flex models motivated by a loopholein the CAFE (Corporate Average Fuel Economy) requirements, that allows for afuel economy credit for every flex-fuel vehicle sold, whether or not inpractice these vehicles are fueled with E85. This loophole might have allowedthe car industry to meet the CAFE targets in fuel economy just by spendingbetween USD 100 to USD 200 that it cost to turn a conventional vehicle into aflex-fuel, without investing in new technology to improve fuel economy, andsaving them the potential fines for not achieving that standard in a givenmodel year.
Brazilian market
Brazilian Chevrolet Celta FlexPower.
GM’s largest overseas subsidiary is General Motors do Brasil, which startedproducing flexible-fuel vehicles since its inception in the Brazilian market in2003. Like other Brazilian flex-fuel vehicles, GM’s flex fuel cars andlight-duty trucks are optimized to run on any mix of E20-E25 gasoline and up to100% hydrous ethanol fuel (E100). GM launched its first flex fuel in June 2003,the Chevrolet Corsa 1.8 FlexPower, just two months after the first flex car waslaunched by another Brazilian carmaker.
GM do Brasil also introduced the MultiPower engine in August 2004, which wascapable of using natural gas (CNG), ethanol and gasoline (E20-E25 blend) asfuel, and it was used in the multifuel Chevrolet Astra 2.0 model 2005, aimed atthe local taxi cab market. The Brazilian GM Powertrain unit also developed theEconoFlex technology, used for the first time in the Chevrolet Prisma 1.4,which allows the flex fuel engine to maximize fuel economy and power.
Due to the success and rapid consumer acceptance of the flex versions, GMsold 192,613 flex vehicles and 135,636 gasoline-powered automobiles in 2005,jumping to 501,681 flex-fuel vehicles, while only 949 cars and 6,834 lighttrucks powered by gasoline were sold in 2007, and reaching new car sales of535.454 flex fuels in 2008, representing 97 percent of all cars and light dutytrucks sold in that year.
Philanthropy
Since 1996, General Motors has been the exclusive source of funding for SafeKids USA’s “Safe Kids Buckle Up” program, a national initiative to ensure childautomobile safety through education and inspection. Through 2002, the PaceAwards program led by GM, EDS, and SUN Microsystems, gave over $1.2 billion ofin-kind contributions which includes computers to over 18 universities tosupport engineering education. In 2009, the GM led group has helped the PaceAwards program worldwide. General Motors is a leading contributor to charity.In 2004, GM gave $51,200,000 in cash contributions and $17,200,000 in-kinddonations to charitable causes.
Politics
In the 2008 election cycle, General Motors contributed $802,414, with 52% ofthat amount going to the Democrats and 48% to the Republicans. GM’s Saturndivision put up a display at the 2009 Detroit Auto Show congratulating BarackObama on his election as the first African-American president of the UnitedStates.
Environmental issues
In the middle of 1999, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) removed23,000 cubic yards (18,000 m3) of contaminated sediments and soilfrom the General Motors site in Massena, New York for disposal at a licensedfacility in Utah. The amount contained 13,000 cubic yards (9,900 m3)of contaminated sediments dredged from the St. Lawrence River. The sedimentshad been stored on the site since 1995. There was also 10,000 cubic yards(7,600 m3) of contaminated sludge from the active wastewater treatmentplant on the General Motors property. The Political Economy Research Instituteranks GM 18th among corporations emitting airborne pollutants in the UnitedStates. The ranking is based on the emission quantity (8 million pounds in2005) and toxicity.
In September 2006, the state of California filed suit against GeneralMotors, Chrysler, Nissan, Toyota, Honda, and Ford. The companies were accusedof producing cars that emitted over 289 million metric tons of carbon per yearin the United States, accounting for nearly 20% of carbon emissions in theUnited States and 30% of carbon emissions in California. This lawsuit wasdismissed by a judge in September 2007.
The Union of Concerned Scientists ranked General Motors as seventh out ofthe eight world’s largest automakers in 2007 for environmental performance. Thereport noted that GM manufactured the most vehicles achieving 30 mpg-US(7.8 L/100 km; 36 mpg-imp) or better, but also the most vehiclesunder 15 mpg-US (16 L/100 km; 18 mpg-imp).
Brands and subsidiaries
Current brands (as of 2010)
Marque
Years used
Markets
Buick
1908resent
North America, China, Israel, Taiwan
Cadillac
1909resent
Global (except South America, India, SE Asia, Australia)
GMC
1912resent
North America, Middle East
Chevrolet
1917resent
Global (except Australia)
Vauxhall
1925resent
United Kingdom
Opel
1929resent
Europe (except UK), Russia, South Africa, Middle East, Singapore
Holden
1948resent
Australia, New Zealand, Middle East (not Kuwait), South Korea, South Africa,UK
Daewoo
2002resent
South Korea, Latin America, Europe
Defunct brands
Welch (19031911)
Rainier (19051911)
Welch-Marquette (see Marquette)
Cartercar (19051915)
Elmore (19091912)
Rapid Truck (19091912)
Reliance Truck (19091912)
Welch-Detroit (19101911)
Marquette (1912)
Peninsular (1912) (see Marquette)
Samson Tractor (19171922)
Scripps-Booth (19171923)
Marquette (1930)
Oakland (19091931)
Viking (19291931)
LaSalle (19271940)
McLaughlin (19181942)
Yellow Coach (19251943)
Beaumont (19661969)
Envoy (19601970)
Acadian (19621971)
Ranger (19681976)
Bedford Vehicles (19291987)
General Motors Diesel Division (19381987)
Passport (19881991)
Asna (1993)
Geo (19891997)
Oldsmobile (18932004)
Pontiac (1926-2010)
Saturn (19852010)
Hummer (19922010), after a failed sale to Sichuan Tengzhong Heavy IndustrialMachinery Company Ltd
Sold brands
Frigidaire (19191979), sold to Ohio-based White Consolidated Industries
Lotus (19861993), sold to Luxembourgish A.C.B.N. Holdings S.A.
Saab (1989-2010), sold to Dutch supercar manufacturer Spyker Cars NV
Former affiliates
Fiat (20002005), GM owned 20% at one time with put option
Fuji Heavy Industries, manufacturer of Subaru (19992006), GM owned 20% atone time
Isuzu (19712006), GM owned 49% at one time
Suzuki (19812008), GM owned over 20% at one time
Spin-offs
GM Defense 19502003 was once part of General Motors Diesel Division and asGeneral Dynamics Land Systems division of General Dynamics
Electro Motive Division of General Motors was also once part of GeneralMotors Diesel Division and now known as Electro-Motive Diesel
Detroit Diesel sold to Penske Corporation; broken up and portion sold to theformer Daimler-Chrysler AG (now Daimler AG); now part of Daimler AG
Transit division was sold to Motor Coach Industries and TransportationManufacturing Corporation
RTS and Classic bus rights owned by MCI And TMC were sold off to Nova Bus;now produced by Millennium Transit Services
Diesel Division of General Motors of Canada Limited spun off and lateracquired by General Motors Canada as Diesel Division of General Motors ofCanada Limited
EDS Electronic Data Systems
Hughes Electronics (Now The DirecTV Group[Liberty Media]
1999 GM spun off its parts making operations as Delphi
Subsidiaries
AC Delco
Adam Opel GmbH
Vauxhall Motors
GMAC (less than 10%)
General Motors Canada
General Motors do Brasil
General Motors India
Global Hybrid Cooperation
General Motors South Africa
GM-AvtoVAZ
GM Daewoo (70.1%)
General Motors Europe
GM Holden Ltd
GM Performance Division
GM Powertrain Europe
OnStar
Shanghai GM (50%)
SAIC-GM-Wuling Automobile Joint venture in China.
See also
Companies portal
Automotive industry
People
Wayne Cherry
John DeLorean
Pierre S. du Pont
William C. Durant
Harley Earl
Robert Lutz
Irving Jacob Reuter
Alfred P. Sloan
Ray G. Young
Books and films
Final Offer 1985 Canadian TV documentary that shows the 1984 GM contractnegotiations that resulted in the union split of the Canadian arm of theUAW.
Roger & Me 1989 American documentary film directed by independentfilmmaker/author Michael Moore (his first). The film criticizes General Motorsfor closing down its factories in Moore’s home-town of Flint, Michigan, despiterecord profits. After many Flint residents lose jobs at GM, Moore claims, thetown descends into economic chaos.
Who Killed the Electric Car? 2006 documentary film written and directed byChris Paine that explores the creation, limited commercialization, andsubsequent destruction of the battery electric vehicle in the U.S.,specifically the General Motors EV1 of the 1990s.
Industry associations
Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers
United States Council for Automotive Research
Competitions
EcoCAR
Lists
List of GM engines
List of GM factories
List of GM platforms
List of GM transmissions
Category
GM vehicles by brand
Lawsuits
GM Instrument Cluster Settlement
References
^ a b Bennett, Jeff; Lublin, Joann (2010-01-26). “Chairman of GM Taps CEO:Himself”. Wall Street Journal.http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703808904575024933533722148.html?mod=WSJ_hpp_sections_business.Retrieved 2010-01-26.
^ a b c d e “GM Reports Calendar Year 2008 Financial Results”.http://www.gm.com/corporate/investor_information/earnings/hist_earnings/08_q4/index.jsp.Retrieved 2009-05-07.
^ a b c Ferguson, Rob; Tony Van Alphen (June 2, 2009). “From General toGovernment Motors”. thestar.com (Toronto Star).http://www.thestar.com/Article/643958. Retrieved September 6, 2009.
^ , GM company profie. Retrieved 2009-07-010.
^ a b c d Strott, Elizabeth (2009-01-21). “Toyota takes sales crown fromGM”. MSN Money (Microsoft Money).http://articles.moneycentral.msn.com/Investing/Dispatch/Toyota-takes-sales-crown-from-GM.aspx.Retrieved 2009-06-01.
^ “Global 500 2009: Industry: – FORTUNE on CNNMoney.com”. Money.cnn.com.2009-07-20.http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2009/industries/19/index.html.Retrieved 2009-10-12.
^ Kuhnhenn, Jim (May 27, 2009). “Washington Wags Call GM ‘GovernmentMotors’”. TheStreet.com.http://www.thestreet.com/story/10506245/1/washington-wags-call-gm-governmentmotors.html?cm_ven=GOOGLEFI.Retrieved September 6, 2009.
^ Ikenson, Daniel J.; Howard Wial (June 5, 2009). “Will Government Motors dobetter than General Motors?”. Los Angeles Times.http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-ikenson-wial5-2009jun05,0,5593785.story.Retrieved September 6, 2009.
^ King, Neil. “Politicians Butt In at Bailed-Out GM – WSJ.com”.Online.wsj.com. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB125677552001414699.html.Retrieved 2009-10-30.
^ Stoll, John D.; David McLaughlin (July 2, 2009). “General Motors Aims forIPO Next Year”. The Wall Street Journal.http://online.wsj.com/article/SB124646098696280443.html. Retrieved August 14,2009.
^ “GM Decides to Keep Opel, Kills Sale Agreement With Magna”. Wardsauto.com.2009-11-03. http://wardsauto.com/home/gm_keep_opel_091103/. Retrieved2009-12-05.
^http://media.gm.com/content/media/us/en/news/news_detail.brand_gm.html/content/Pages/news/us/en/2010/Feb/0223_Saab
^ “GM Media Online”. Media.gm.com. 2009-01-21.http://media.gm.com/servlet/GatewayServlet?target=http://image.emerald.gm.com/gmnews/viewmonthlyreleasedetail.do?domain=828&docid=51535.Retrieved 2009-06-01.
^ “GM’s China vehicle sales in 2009 rose 66.9%”. 4wheelsnow.com. January 5,2009.http://www.4wheelsnews.com/gms-china-vehicle-sales-in-2009-rose-669-percent/.Retrieved 2010-01-25.
^ “Howes: GM’s 20-year global plan unraveling”. detnews.com. March 5, 2009.http://www.detnews.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20090305/OPINION03/903050366/1148/&source=nletter-business.Retrieved 2009-06-01.
^ Burr, Barry S. (February 23, 2009).GM’s pension fund. Craincommunications, Pensions & Investments. Retrieved on July 15, 2009.
^ “Site Profile for gm.com (rank #1,388)”. Siteanalytics.compete.com.http://siteanalytics.compete.com/gm.com?metric=uv. Retrieved2009-06-01.
^ “Going Global”. New York Times. 2009-06-04.http://www.nytimes.com/imagepages/2009/06/04/business/04overseas.graf01.ready.html.Retrieved 2009-06-06.
^ General Motors Company SEC filing 10-Q 1st-quarter 2009, p.94
^ “GM Names Its Government-Appointed Board Members – Automotive * US * News* Story”. CNBC.com. http://www.cnbc.com/id/32108453. Retrieved2009-10-12.
^ “Senior Leadership Group and Staff Officers”. GM.http://www.gm.com/corporate/about/bios/lutz.jsp. Retrieved2009-12-05.
^ “Chris Liddell Named GM Vice Chairman and CFO”. GM.http://media.gm.com/content/media/us/en/news/news_detail.html/content/Pages/news/us/en/2009/Dec/1221_Liddell.Retrieved 2009-12-22.
^ “Senior Leadership Group and Staff Officers – Stephens”. GM.http://www.gm.com/corporate/about/bios/stephens.jsp. Retrieved2009-12-05.
^ “Senior Leadership Group and Staff Officers”. GM.http://www.gm.com/corporate/about/bios/reuss.jsp. Retrieved2009-12-05.
^ “Senior Leadership Group and Staff Officers”. GM.http://www.gm.com/corporate/about/bios/reilly.jsp. Retrieved2009-12-05.
^ “Senior Leadership Group and Staff Officers”. GM.http://www.gm.com/corporate/about/bios/lee.jsp. Retrieved 2009-12-05.
^ “Senior Leadership Group and Staff Officers”. GM.http://www.gm.com/corporate/about/bios/young.jsp. Retrieved2009-12-05.
^ “Young to Play Key Role in International Operations”. GM.http://media.gm.com/content/media/us/en/news/news_detail.html/content/Pages/news/us/en/2009/Dec/1214_young.Retrieved 2009-12-17.
^ “Senior Leadership Group and Staff Officers – Welburn”. GM.http://www.gm.com/corporate/about/bios/welburn.jsp. Retrieved2009-12-05.
^ “General Motors Company 1916 (Pre Bankruptcy) – New Jersey”.Scripophily.net. http://www.scripophily.net/genmotcom1.html. Retrieved2009-07-30.
^ GM Press release. Retrieved on July 10, 2009.
^ de la Merced, Michael (July 10, 2009). “With Sale of Good Assets, G.M. Outof Bankruptcy”. New York Times.http://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/11/business/11auto.html. Retrieved July 10,2009.
^ Maynard, Micheline (July 10, 2009). “A Primer on the New General Motors”.New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/11/business/11primer.html.Retrieved July 10, 2009.
^ a b Stoll, John D., and Neil King Jr. (July 10, 2009).GM Emerges FromBankruptcy.The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved on July 10, 2009. a
^ Evarts, Eric (June 23, 2009). “Consumer groups object to GM bankruptcy”.Consumer Reports.http://blogs.consumerreports.org/cars/2009/06/consumer-groups-object-to-gm-bankruptcy-over-lemon-law-and-product-liability-claims.html.Retrieved July 12, 2009.
^ Harrison, Edward (June 10, 2009). “Is the GM section 363 Bankruptcy PlanReally a Stealth Re-organization Plan?”. Naked Capitalism.http://www.nakedcapitalism.com/2009/06/guest-post-is-gm-section-363-bankruptcy.html.Retrieved July 12, 2009.
^ Beene, Ryan (April 1, 2009). “How a ‘Section 363′ sale creates a new GM”.Automotive News (Crain Communications, Inc.).http://www.autonews.com/article/20090401/ANA02/904019958. Retrieved July 12,2009.
^ 11 U.S.C. ch.3 subch.IV
^ a b Stoll, John D.; David McLaughlin (July 2, 2009). “General Motors Aimsfor IPO Next Year”. Wall Street Journal.http://online.wsj.com/article/SB124646098696280443.html. Retrieved July 10,2009.
^ “Court Documents and Claims Register”. Motors Liquidation Company. July10, 2009. http://www.motorsliquidation.com.
^ Isidore, Chris. “GM out of bankruptcy as new company is formed – Jul. 10,2009″. Money.cnn.com.http://money.cnn.com/2009/07/10/news/companies/new_gm/?postversion=2009071016.Retrieved 2009-07-13.
^ GM results 11/16/09
^ “FACTBOX: General Motors bankruptcy filing”. Reuters. 2009-06-01.http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE5502VY20090601. Retrieved2009-07-09.
^ “EERE News: Restructured GM to Build a New Small Car in the UnitedStates”. Apps1.eere.energy.gov.http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/news/news_detail.cfm/news_id=12550. Retrieved2009-06-06.
^ Johnson, Kimberly S. (2009-08-27). “GM to remove its mark from vehicles toemphasize brand”. Usatoday.Com.http://www.usatoday.com/money/autos/2009-08-25-gm-logo_N.htm. Retrieved2009-10-12.
^ “mediaOnline”. Media.gm.com. 2000-01-05.http://media.gm.com/news/releases/g000105a.html. Retrieved2009-07-19.
^ “mediaOnline”. Media.gm.com. 2002-01-03.http://www.media.gm.com/news/releases/020103decembersales.html. Retrieved2009-07-19.
^ “GM Reports December 2005 and Year Results”. Theautochannel.com.2006-01-05. http://www.theautochannel.com/news/2006/01/05/205609.html.Retrieved 2009-06-01.
^ “GM Media Online”. Media.gm.com. 2007-01-03.http://media.gm.com/servlet/GatewayServlet?target=http://image.emerald.gm.com/gmnews/viewmonthlyreleasedetail.do?domain=6&docid=31596.Retrieved 2009-06-01.
^ “GM Media Online”. Media.gm.com. 2009-01-05.http://media.gm.com/servlet/GatewayServlet?target=http://image.emerald.gm.com/gmnews/viewpressreldetail.do?domain=2&docid=51161.Retrieved 2009-06-01.
^ “Chevrolet, Buick, GMC and Cadillac Post Sales Gains – DETROIT, Jan 5./PRNewswire/”. Michigan: Prnewswire.com.http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/chevrolet-buick-gmc-and-cadillac-post-sales-gains-80720277.html.Retrieved 2010-02-18.
^ “GM Cancels All Future Full-Size SUVs”. Worldcarfans.http://www.worldcarfans.com/9081028.003/gm-cancels-all-future-full-size-suvs.Retrieved 2009-06-01.
^ 19:57:37. “@Mail.Ru”. Auto.mail.ru.http://auto.mail.ru/text.html?id=27985. Retrieved 2009-06-01.
^ Vlasic, Bill; Nick Bunkley (2008-10-25). “General Motors, Driven to theBrink”. The New York Times.http://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/26/business/26jane.html. Retrieved2008-10-27.
^ Bunkley, Nick; Bill Vlasic (2008-12-23). “Nearly the End of the Line forS.U.V.”. The New York Times.http://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/24/business/24auto.html. Retrieved2008-12-23.
^ “Restructured GM to Build a New Small Car in the United States”. UnitedStates Department of Energy. June 3, 2009.http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/news/news_detail.cfm/news_id=12550.
^ “Canadian auto industry gets bailout too”. CNN.com.http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/americas/12/20/canada.auto.bailout/index.html.Retrieved 2009-07-13.
^ 1:25 p.m. ET (2006-05-15). “In China, Buick bucks the trend – Nightly Newswith Brian Williams- msnbc.com”. MSNBC.http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/12801549/ns/nightly_news_with_brian_williams/.Retrieved 2009-10-12.
^ GM’s Cost – Auto News Report
^ “Welcome to the UAW-GM Center for Human Resources”. UAW-GM Joint ActivitySystem. Retrieved on June 19, 2007.
^ “GM Media Online”. Media.gm.com. 2008-06-03.http://media.gm.com/servlet/GatewayServlet?target=http://image.emerald.gm.com/gmnews/viewmonthlyreleasedetail.do?domain=3&docid=46161.Retrieved 2009-06-01.
^ “This page is available to GlobePlus subscribers”. Theglobeandmail.com.http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/LAC.20080728.RGM28/TPStory/Business.Retrieved 2009-06-01.
^ Thomas, Cal. “Cal Thomas Official Web Site – BREAKDOWN”. Calthomas.com.http://www.calthomas.com/index.php?news=2427. Retrieved 2009-06-01.
^ America’s First Turbine Car
^ GM workers lobbying for less-stringent CAFE rule
^ Tom Higgs, “Patents General Motors”. October 17, 2008
^ “GM’s Hybrid Propulsion System for Transit Buses”.http://www.gm.com/company/gmability/adv_tech/300_hybrids/index_bus.html.Retrieved 2007-05-22.
^ Valdes-Dapena, Peter GM gets on the hybrid highway, CNNMoney, April 23,2008. Retrieved 2008-07-06.
^ “GM to roll out two-seat, urban electric prototype | detnews.com | TheDetroit News”. detnews.com.http://www.detnews.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20090407/AUTO01/904070332/1148/&source=nletter-business.Retrieved 2009-06-01.
^ “GM Media Online”. Media.gm.com. 2008-09-16.http://media.gm.com/servlet/GatewayServlet?target=http://image.emerald.gm.com/gmnews/viewpressreldetail.do?domain=827&docid=48589.Retrieved 2009-06-01.
^ “EERE News: GM to Buy Lithium-Ion Batteries for the Chevy Volt from LGChem”. Apps1.eere.energy.gov. 2009-01-14.http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/news/news_detail.cfm/news_id=12177. Retrieved2009-06-01.
^ Tom Krisher, “GM steps up work on hydrogen cars”, BusinessWeek. June 15,2007
^ Ken Thomas (2007-05-07). “‘Flex-fuel’ vehicles touted”. USA Today.http://www.usatoday.com/money/autos/environment/2007-05-05-ethanolvehicles_N.htm.Retrieved 2008-09-15.
^ Christine Gable and Scott Gable. “Yellow E85 gas cap”. About.com: HybridCars & Alt Fuels.http://alternativefuels.about.com/od/vehiclebuyingguide/ig/Alt-fuels—New-York-Auto-Show/Yellow-E85-gas-cap.htm.Retrieved 2008-09-18.
^ John Neff (2006-10-06). “More gas cap news: Chrysler going yellow forE85″. AutoBlog.http://www.autoblog.com/2006/08/10/more-gas-cap-news-chrysler-going-yellow-for-e85/.Retrieved 2008-10-08.
^ Sam Abuelsamid (2007-03-28). “AFVI: Ford confirms that all 2008 policeinterceptors will be flex-fuel”. AutobogGreen.http://www.autobloggreen.com/2007/03/28/afvi-ford-confirms-that-all-2008-police-interceptors-will-be-fl/.Retrieved 2008-10-08.
^ Christine Gable and Scott Gable. “2008 Chevrolet Silverado 1500 4WD LT2flex-fuel truck test drive”. About.com: Hybrid Cars & Alt Fuels.http://alternativefuels.about.com/od/2008flexfuelreviews/fr/08SilveradoFFV_2.htm.Retrieved 2008-10-03.
^ Christine Gable and Scott Gable. “2007 Chevrolet Suburban 4WD 1500 LT testdrive”. About.com: Hybrid Cars & Alt Fuels.http://alternativefuels.about.com/od/flexfuelffvreviews/fr/2007Suburban_2.htm.Retrieved 2008-10-03.
^ General Motors | Fuel Economy & Alternative Fuels – E85 Ethanol
^ National Renewable Energy Laboratory USDoE (2007-09-17). “Alternative andAdvanced Vehicles: Flexible Fuel Vehicles”. Alternative Fuels and AdvancedVehicles Data Center.http://www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/vehicles/flexible_fuel.html. Retrieved2008-08-19.
^ a b Sperling, Daniel and Deborah Gordon (2009). Two billion cars: drivingtoward sustainability. Oxford University Press, New York. pp. 73743. ISBN978-0-19-537664-7.
^ a b Goettemoeller, Jeffrey; Adrian Goettemoeller (2007). SustainableEthanol: Biofuels, Biorefineries, Cellulosic Biomass, Flex-Fuel Vehicles, andSustainable Farming for Energy Independence. Prairie Oak Publishing, Maryville,Missouri. pp. 5661. ISBN 978-0-9786293-0-4.
^ a b Alexei Barrionuevo and Micheline Maynard (2006-08-31). “Dual-FuelVehicles Open Mileage Loophole for Carmakers”. New York Times.http://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/31/business/31loophole.html?emc=eta1. Retrieved2008-10-22.
^ Inslee, Jay; Bracken Hendricks (2007). Apollo’s Fire. Island Press,Washington, D.C.. pp. 153155, 160161. ISBN 978-1-59726-175-3. SeeChapter 6. Homegrown Energy.
^ “Bumpy ride for biofuels”. Economist. 2008-01-18.http://www.economist.com/science/displaystory.cfm?story_id=10551762. Retrieved2008-09-14.
^ “Volkswagen to stop making gas-only cars for Brazil”. Automotive News.2006-03-23.http://www.autonews.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20060323/REUTERS/60323043/1111.Retrieved 2008-10-18.
^ “Chevrolet Apresenta seu Novo Motor 1.8 Flexpower, mais Potente eEconmico” (in Portuguese). 2005-09-22.http://www.jornalexpress.com.br/noticias/detalhes.php?id_jornal=9095&id_noticia=2275.Retrieved 2009-04-18.
^ GNVNews (November 2006). “Montadores Investem nos Carros GNV” (inPortuguese). Institutio Brasileiro de Petroleo e Gas.http://www.bigas.com.br/sistema/?modulo=gnvnews&acao=abrir&id=22.Retrieved 2009-04-19.
^ “Astra lder no segmento dos compactos em 2004: As verses do ChevroletAstra 2005″ (in Portuguese). Journal Express. 2005-01-18.http://www.jornalexpress.com.br/noticias/detalhes.php?id_jornal=9095&id_noticia=1703.Retrieved 2009-04-19.
^ “1.4 Econo.Flex, o motor que pulsa forte no corao do Prisma, o novo sedChevrolet” (in Portuguese). Chevrolet (Brazil).http://www3.chevrolet.com.br/noticias/noticia.do?acao=id&idNoticia=534.Retrieved 2009-04-18.
^ “Tabela 08 – Vendas Atacado Mercado Interno por Tipo e Empresa –Combustvel Flex Fuel – 2005″ (in Portuguese) (PDF). ANFAVEA – Associao Nacionaldos Fabricantes de Veculos Automotores (Brazil).http://www.anfavea.com.br/tabelas2005/autoveiculos/tabela08_vendas.pdf.Retrieved 2009-04-16. See Table 08 for flex-fuel sales and Table 07 forgasoline sales.
^ “Tabela 08 – Vendas Atacado Mercado Interno por Tipo e Empresa –Combustvel Flex Fuel – 2007″ (in Portuguese) (PDF). ANFAVEA – Associao Nacionaldos Fabricantes de Veculos Automotores (Brazil).http://www.anfavea.com.br/tabelas2007/autoveiculos/tabela08_vendas.pdf.Retrieved 2009-04-16. See Table 08 for flex-fuel sales and Table 07 forgasoline sales.
^ “Tabela 08 – Vendas Atacado Mercado Interno por Tipo e Empresa –Combustvel Flex Fuel – 2008″ (in Portuguese) (PDF). ANFAVEA – Associao Nacionaldos Fabricantes de Veculos Automotores (Brazil).http://www.anfavea.com.br/tabelas2008/autoveiculos/tabela08_vendas.pdf.Retrieved 2009-04-16. See Table
Retrieved from “http://www.articlesbase.com/corporate-articles/general-motors-3438538.html”
(ArticlesBase SC #3438538)
Liked this article? Click here topublish it on your website or blog, it’s free and easy!
hotxueboy - About theAuthor:
I am China Manufacturers writer, reports someinformation about glove usb ,cup and saucer holders.
Questions and Answers
Ask our experts your Corporate related questions here…200 Charactersleft
Howmany people are employed by general motors ?
]]>
Rate this Article
vote(s) 0 vote(s)
Feedback RSS Print Email Re-Publish
Source: http://www.articlesbase.com/corporate-articles/general-motors-3438538.html
Article Tags: glove usb, cup and saucer holders
Latest Corporate Articles More from hotxueboy
Learn about General Motors: The Good and Bad –Garage419
Leo Partente and host Matt Farah walk the show floor of the NY Auto Show todiscuss what cars they think should fall into the good and bad categories ofGeneral Motors. (10:09)
GM Announces Pricing for Chevrolet Volt
General Motors has released pricing and warranty information on itshybrid-electric vehicle, the Chevrolet Volt. Customers began pre-ordering thevehicle at select dealers on Tuesday. (01:47)
General Motors’ Money Problems
GM may be on its last legs and the final press day from the Geneva MotorShow. (05:52)
General Motors Looking Abroad MoneyWatch News09/20/2010
According to the Treasury Department, foreign investors could be asked tobuy a stake of GM when it sells stock to the public. Plus: Precious metals atrecord prices. (01:12)
GM Opens a New Crash Testing Facility
General Motors has opened a new rollover crash testing facility in Michigan.GM officials say the premise of the facility is to reduce the number ofrollover-related injuries and deaths by developing sensors for airbags.(01:55)
How toPlan a Business Conference in North Georgia
Offering natural surroundings, rustic mountain style, and exceptionalcustomer service, your organization will be surrounded by the essence ofsouthern charm & hospitality with in the North Georgia Mountains.
By: Deborah Tindlel
Business> Corporatel Dec 14, 2010
The need for professional translation and language services in the processof founding and managing a European Company (SE) or organising a Works Councilsmeetings can be best met by a translation company that:
By: desnikl
Business> Corporatel Dec 14, 2010
ACorporate Security Fail at Ford
Ford’s corporate security isn’t “built Ford tough” like the company’sslogan. Earlier this month, a former employee at Ford, Mike Yu, pleaded guiltyto the theft of $50 million in trade secrets from the auto company. Tips andlessons from this case to help companies prevent trade secret theft.
By: i-Sight Softwarel
Business> Corporatel Dec 14, 2010
IronClad Corporate Security Policies
Corporate security is a major concern for many businesses. Here are sometips for writing a corporate security policy to address company risks, explainconsequences and is easy for employees to understand.
By: i-Sight Softwarel
Business> Corporatel Dec 14, 2010
Eventmarketing services – Give the business boost that it deserves
Event marketing services are being used by more and more people today andthe popularity is increasing at multiplying rate these days. Event marketingservices are of two types – online and offline. However, use of onlinemarketing is being used a lot these days.
By: Maddyl
Business> Corporatel Dec 14, 2010
outdoorled display screen great for marking your service and products
Outdoor led display screen is widely used for advertising industry , and thebenefit is proved well. Full colour led screen comes out instead of traditionallarge screen to give audience rich colors by image or video or text.
By: BruceSINOLIGHTl
Business> Corporatel Dec 13, 2010
Whyone should invest in real estate
Most investors come to the field of real estate and desire to get profits ina jiffy. They must understand that real estate business grows arithmeticallyand will surely give profits but not in the way which are deemed by theinvestors.
By: Paul Edwardsl
Business> Corporatel Dec 13, 2010
EdwardM. Harrington- Believing on the principle ‘Slow and steady wins’
Keep your finger tips on the market scenario and take help from realtors whowill help you to best plan your investments in real estate. Top realtor EdwardM. Harrington Greensboro, North Carolina, can help improve an apartment’sassets and investments.
By: Joseph Brownl
Business> Corporatel Dec 13, 2010
40%Growth In 2009, Reaching The Top Step Away Huawei Wireless
Start the Chinese 3G market and European market breakthrough, as the summitof the strong support of Huawei wireless power. LTE in the new wave ofinvestment wave
By: hotxueboyl
PowermillFor Fast Processing, Security, Ease
Tianjin Motor Dies Co., Ltd. will be several sets of Delcam Processingsoftware PowerMILL machining molds for the automotive and manufacturing hasmade encouraging achievements. Tianjin Motor Dies Co.
By: hotxueboyl
Business> International Businessl Oct 26, 2010
XinhuaHealth Care Is The Collective Holdings Of Executives Optimistic About ProspectsFor Growth
“Executives to buy shares now really enthusiastic.” Xinhua yesterday onhealth care author, said securities on behalf of Jin Jianguo. In fact, therecent disclosure of public information display SSE
By: hotxueboyl
Business> Human Resourcesl Oct 26, 2010
Shanghai’sFirst Stem Cell Transplantation For Treatment Of Diabetes Mellitus AnnouncedThe
Diabetes Patients should not only bear the medical expenses are not small,but each day also have to take medicine or insulin injections on time … … Todayis the “United Nations Diabetes Day”
By: hotxueboyl
Business> Non Profit Organizationsl Oct 26,2010
HardwareKnowledge Forum: How To Select Bathroom Products
Bathroom Be Home Master of arts, embodies a form of taste. With thedevelopment of society, has become a family bathroom Decoration A fashiontheme
By: hotxueboyl
Business> Team Buildingl Oct 26, 2010
VirtualWorld Aimed At Marketing The U.s. Small Clients
The past year, the ups and downs of virtual world marketing, companies havejumped onto the Zheliang they can create virtual advertising and popular brandin the world float. The beginning of 2007
By: hotxueboyl
Business> Outsourcingl Oct 26, 2010
WhatKind Of Yogurt Drink Will Help Thin [map]
Many women enjoy Suannai, an important reason for this is that regardless ofhow much to drink, will not gain weight. Yogurt does have some weight loss
By: hotxueboyl
Business> Non Profit Organizationsl Oct 25,2010
NoSmoke No Water Spray Fan Intelligent Buildings To Furnishings
Bad no one access controller repair, access is not required to paint theaccess card. Building for security, to some vice-business lock, securitydeployed at the door
By: hotxueboyl
Business> Non Profit Organizationsl Oct 25,2010
Add new Comment
Your Name: *
Your Email:
Comment Body: *
Verification code:*
* Required fields
Your Articles Here It’s Free and easy
Sign Up Today
Author Navigation
My Home Publish Article View/Edit ArticlesView/EditQ&A Edit yourAccount ManageAuthors StatisticsPage Personal RSSBuilder
My Home Edit your Account Update Profile View/Edit Q&APublish ArticleAuthor Box
hotxueboy has 1055 articlesonline
Articles Categories All Categories
Advertising Arts & Entertainment Automotive BeautyBusiness Careers ComputersEducation Finance Foodand Beverage Health Hobbies Home andFamily Home Improvement Internet Law Marketing Newsand Society Relationships Self Improvement Shopping Spirituality Sports and Fitness Technology TravelWriting
Agriculture Ask an Expert Business Ideas Business Opportunities Corporate Customer Service Entrepreneurship Ethics FranchiseFundraising Home Business Human Resources Industrial International Business Leadership Management Negotiation Networking Non Profit Organizations Online Business Organizational Outsourcing Presentation Project Management Public Company Public Relations Sales Six SigmaSmall Business Strategic Planning Team Building Training
]]>
Need Help? ContactUs FAQ Submit Articles Editorial Guidelines Blog
Site Links Recent Articles Top Authors TopArticles FindArticles Site Map
Webmasters RSS Builder RSS Link toUs
Business Info Advertising
Use of this web site constitutes acceptance of the Terms Of Use and PrivacyPolicy | User published content is licensed under a CreativeCommons License.Copyright © 2005-2010 Free Articles byArticlesBase.com, All rights reserved.
I am China Manufacturers writer, reports someinformation about glove usb ,cup and saucer holders.