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2003 in Afghanistan – Sludge Pump EZG – Slurry Pump EMM

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2003 in Afghanistan – Sludge Pump EZG – Slurry Pump EMM

By: xiao5096r

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Article Source: http://www.articlesbase.com/ – 2003 inAfghanistan – Sludge Pump EZG – Slurry Pump EMM

January

January 1: On his way to meet Afghan President Hamid Karzai, Kuchi elderHaji Naim Kuchai (aka Naeem Kochi) was detained by U.S. troops. Kuchai hadstopped the car in which he was travelling some 25 kilometres south of Kabulwhen the incident occurred. He was then taken to an undisclosed location.

More than 300 rockets, mostly 107 mm, smuggled from neighbouringPakistan were seized by border police in the Durbaba region of the NangarharProvince of Afghanistan.

January 2: BearingPoint of McLean, Virginia announced that it had installedand was helping to operate a financial management information system for theAfghan government. The work was part of a $3.95 million contract the companywon to help the government upgrade its accounting system.

This marked the last day of a three-month transition period in Afghanistanto swap old Afghani banknotes for new currency, which retained the name but hadthree zeros knocked off.

International Security Assistance Force peacekeepers found explosivematerials planted in a Kabul school.

January 3: The U.N. High Commissioner for Refugees said that securityproblems and poor living conditions meant it was still unsafe for many of themore than 4 million Afghan refugees to return home.

January 4:A two-day meeting of Iran, Afghanistan and India marked a newstart in boosting cooperation in the region. The meeting was headed by thethree countries’ trade ministers to discuss ways of implementing their earlieragreements on bolstering trade and transit ties, including construction of arailway to link Iran’s southeastern Sistan Baluchestan to the Afghan provincesof Nimruz, Farah, Helmand and Kandahar.

The first 1,000 of 25,000 Afghans participating in the haj pilgrimage toMecca departed Kabul, one year after a mob of angry hajis attacked and killed agovernment minister there. Only 6,500 of some 15,000 applicants were able tomake the journey in 2002.

January 6: A suspected Taliban was arrested in Bamyan Province and taken toKabul.

The commander of the International Security Assistance Force, TurkishGeneral Hilmi Akin Zorlu, told reporters that the US led war against Iraq couldprovoke terrorists to step up attacks against foreigners.

Within the first week of 2003 in Zabul Province, armed men stole at leastseven vehicles belonging to British, U.S. and Afghan aid agencies in broaddaylight and the local office of the Afghan Development Agency suffered agrenade attack. These incidents put the future of aid operations to the regionin jeopardy.

January 7: Two Ariana Afghan Airlines jet planes carrying Muslim pilgrimsfrom Herat to Saudi Arabia for the annual Hajj pilgrimage made precautionarylandings in the United Arab Emirates. Forces within the U.S.-led coalition inAfghanistan suspected a hijacker or a bomb was on board one of the flights.Afghan and UAE officials found no signs of any hijack attempt.

Mullah Salam, a former Taliban regional commander was released from U.S.detention. It wasn’t immediately clear where Salam had been held or why was hefreed. He went home late to Zabul Province in Afghanistan.

January 8: Afghanistan’s trade minister Syed Mustafa Kazmi signed anagreement in Tehran to open “all channels” to trade between Iran andAfghanistan and allow Afghan vehicles access to all parts of Iran.

Afghanistan’s foreign minister Abdullah Abdullah that Pakistan that itshould do more to police the Afghan border and capture Taliban and al Qaedaleaders. He implied that some of the leaders of the Taliban were inPakistan.

In Kabul, Paula Dobriansky, the U.S. undersecretary of state for globalaffairs, announced that the U.S. would provide a $3.5 million grant to supporteducation, small businesses and other programs for Afghanistan’s women. Privatebusinesses, including Daimler-Chrysler and AOL Time Warner, would provideanother $80,000 for additional programs. Dobriansky was in Afghanistan to leada U.S. delegation at the second meeting of the U.S.-Afghan Women’s Council.

Two fuel trucks were damaged by explosions on board as they were parkedabout three miles (5 km) from a U.S. coalition forces base in Kandahar,Afghanistan. One of the Afghan drivers was injured slightly.

U.S. special forces uncovered about 150 land mines near Jalalabad, afterbeing tipped off by local Afghans.

In Keshende, Afghanistan, one person was killed and three were wounded in anarmed clash between forces of Ustad Atta Mohammad and of Abdul RashidDostum.

In Loi Karez, four people died and one was hurt in a fire fight betweenAfghan forces and suspected members of the ousted Taliban militia.

January 9: A ceremony was held at the Kabul Inter-continental Hotel tocelebrate the reopening of the Xinhua Kabul Bureau, which was originally set upin 1956 and had to suspend its operation in 1979.

Eight Afghans were killed and 10 were injured when a minibus travelling fromSpin Boldak to Pakistan crashed on a mountain road. The driver lost control ofthe vehicle near the Pakistani border town of Chaman.

January 10: The governor of Herat Province, Ismail Khan, placed furtherrestrictions on women’s education by banning women being taught by men inprivately run courses and by preventing women from attending classes in abuilding at the same time that men are being taught.

The World Health Organization reported 115 cases and 17 deaths frompertussis in Khwahan District, the provincial capital of Badakhshan.

Utilizing the Generalized System of Preferences, U.S. president George W.Bush named Afghanistan a “least-developed beneficiary,” a move that allowedAfghanistan to export about 5,700 products to the U.S. without tariffs.

In Jalalabad, Afghanistan, U.S. special forces soldiers discovered in feedsacks about 900 pounds of propellant, 180 pounds (82 kg) of steel ballbearings, and 200 rocket-propelled grenades.

January 11: As a gesture of goodwill, Afghan General Abdul Rashid Dostumreleased 50 prisoners who fought for the former Taliban regime from a jail inKunduz. Incarcerated since the fall of the Taliban in late 2001, the prisonerswere handed over to Pashtun tribal elders. Dostum had been accused of warcrimes against prisoners, including the suffocation of nearly 1,000 Talibanfighters transported in airless cargo containers after their surrender. Thegeneral denied the charges, but said 200 detainees already suffering fromillness and wounds sustained during fighting may have died while being taken tojail. President Karzai supported the release.

Residents of Paktia Province reported a pirate radio station broadcastingappeals to overthrow the fragile Afghan government and attack U.S.-ledcoalition forces.

The U.S. military resumed clearing land mines at Bagram Air Base, two daysafter an explosion injured a U.S. soldier. The base had nearly 1.5 squaremiles (3.9 km2) that had not yet been cleared of land mines. Since thebeginning of 2002, more than 7,000 mines had been removed from Bagram.

President Karzai announced the formation of four commissions to acceleratethe disarmament of warlord armies and rebuild the Afghan National Army. Thedisarmament commission would be headed by Vice President Abdul Karim Khalili.The re-integration commission would be headed by Deputy Defence MinisterAttiqullah Barlai. Two ex-army generals, Rahim Wardak and Gulzarak Khan were tohead the recruitment and training commissions.

People in Spin Boldak, Afghanistan found posters threatening death to anyonesupporting President Karzai’s U.S.-backed government.

January 12: In Balkh, Afghanistan, an electronics repairman and a 14-yearold boy were killed immediately when a bomb hidden inside a tape recorderdetonated. An unidentified man left the tape recorder at the shop, saying hewould return later. When the man failed to return, the repairman insertedbatteries, setting off the blast.

In Shebergan, Afghan authorities arrested a man suspected of planning toassassinate warlord Abdul Rashid Dostum and his top deputies. The man allegedlyadmitted to acting on orders of the Taliban and al-Qaida.

Pamphlets distributed in Peshawar, Pakistan said a group calling itself the“Secret Army of Muslim Mujahideen” had claimed responsibility for at least 50attacks in Afghanistan, mostly on U.S. soldiers and bases near the easternAfghan border.

January 14: U.S. special forces found 322 107-mm rockets in the vicinity ofZarin Kalay, near Khost.

The Afghan security chief of Spin Boldak said that minor clashes had beenreported recently between Afghan forces and suspected members of the Taliban.He said small groups of Taliban fighters, led by local commander Hafiz AbdurRahim, were operating in Kandahar and other southern provinces.

The Parliament of Slovakia voted 113-10 to approve the extension of their40-member military engineering unit in Afghanistan. Working in Afghanistansince September 2002, the engineers worked on major rehabilitation projectssuch as the runway at the airport in Bagram.

Iran and Afghanistan signed a contract regarding a two-phase project meantto transfer electricity from Iran to Herat.

January 15: U.S. Deputy Defence Secretary Paul Wolfowitz took a one-day tourof projects in Afghanistan, including a women’s hospital in Kabul, road workdone by U.S. military personnel, and mock attacks by the Afghan National Army.Later Wolfowitz met with President Karzai, Turkish General Hilmi Akin Zorlu(commander of the International Security Assistance Force), and had dinner withU.S. troops.

European Union External Relations Commissioner Chris Patten announced morethan 230 million in new aid to Afghanistan for improving stability and humanrights. In 2002, the EU spent 275 million on Afghanistan.

January 16: Fifty-two Afghan agents of the Afghan Presidential ProtectiveService graduated from a basic training course run by the U.S. DiplomaticSecurity Bureau’s Anti-Terrorism Assistance department.

January 17: The U.N. Security Council voted unanimously to extend andimprove efforts to control the remnants of Afghanistan’s former Talibangovernment and the al-Qaeda network.

Around 5,000 Afghan police were sent to the southern town of Spin Boldakbecause of reports that some former Taliban activists were trying to re-groupin the region.

At the invitation of the Pakistan Cricket Board, Afghanistan’s cricket teamarrived in Peshawar, Pakistan to compete in the Cornelius Trophy. The Afghanteam was expected to play four three-day matches during its 18-day visit.

January 18: On the one-year anniversary of its first visit to Camp X-Ray atGuantnamo Bay, Cuba, the International Committee of the Red Cross renewed itsappeal to the U.S. to clarify the status of hundreds of terror suspects it washolding without charge. To date, the U.S. designated them as illegal combatantsrather than prisoners of war.

In a warm-up one-day game, the Afghan cricket team earned a draw againstPeshawar in Pakistan. Chasing 219 runs for victory in 30 overs, Afghanistan was199 for six in 27 overs when the match was called off due to darkness.

Twelve Afghan women in Kabul took automobile road tests. The driving programwas sponsored by Medica Mondiale. Women had not been allowed to drive inAfghanistan since 1992.

January 20: In the midst of his three-day tour of India, the AfghanistanDeputy Minister of Agriculture Mohammed Sharif announced that India pledged toprovide 100,000 tons of wheat and 15,000 tons of fertilizers to Afghanistan.However, Pakistan remained a road block in the plans because it had objectionsover Indian food passing through its territory.

The head of the Afghan Cable Center in Jalalabad appealed to the AfghanistanSupreme Court to reverse its decision of December 12, 2002 that banned cableTV. However, chief justice Mowlawi Fazl Hadi Shinwari reaffirmed his originaldecision. Shinwari said that the decision was based on Islam, and that theCourt regard cable broadcasts to be immoral and against the Afghan traditionsand Islamic principles.

A kindergarten complex in northern Kabul that was refurbished by the Britishcontingent of the International Security Assistance Force re-opened for school.The $20,000 project, paid for by the British government, charities and thesoldiers themselves, included new paint, new windows, a new boiler, desks,carpets, electricity and running water.

January 22: About 25 kilometres east of Jalalabad, Afghanistan, Afghansoldiers seized more than 1,000 containers of acetic anhydride a chemical usedin turning opium into heroin.

President Karzai issued a decree to fight against illegal excavation andantique smuggling.

January 23: A reported from the British Royal Institute of InternationalAffairs stated that a sizeable portion of the money channeled to rebuildingAfghanistan had been spent on humanitarian aid. Furthermore, much of the $5.8billion promised by international donors had not yet arrived.

January 24: In different villages near Spin Boldak, Afghanistan, U.S. forcesand Afghan troops arrested 20 armed suspects, including two alleged Talibancommanders. Rocket launchers, explosives and automatic rifles were alsorecovered.

An Afghan physician and four clinicians arrived in Kiyose, Tokyo, Japanunder a program sponsored by the Japan International Cooperation Agency. Thefive medical specialists were to learn a basic tuberculosis-diagnosis procedureat the Research Institute of Tuberculosis. They would return to Afghanistan onFebruary 13.

January 25: A district security chief of Logar Province, Afghanistan, waskidnapped by suspected antique smugglers.

January 26: Gunmen attacked a convoy from the U.N. refugee agency, theUNHCR, as it traveled through Nangarhar Province, about 40 kilometres (25miles) west of Jalalabad, Afghanistan. Two policemen were killed, and anotherfour men were believed to have died. One of the alleged attackers was laterarrested.

Near the town of Shkin in Paktika Province, Afghanistan, unidentified gunmenshot and killed two Afghan soldiers and one civilian, injuring another.

January 27: President Karzai ordered a Cabinet inquiry into the ban on cabletelevision broadcasts which had been dictated by Chief Justice Fazl HadiShinwari a week earlier.

At least 18 enemy personnel were killed near mountains north of Spin Boldak,as U.S.-led coalition forces battled nearly 80 rebels in Afghanistan. B-1bombers, F-16s and an AC-130 gunship were called in for supports, including twoNorwegian F-16s, one of which dropped a pair of laser-guided bombs on a bunker.It was reported that this marked the first time a Norwegian aircraft had firedat hostile forces in combat since World War II. The B-1s dropped nineteen 2,000pound (900 kg) bombs.

The United Nations Development Programme held a ceremony reopening thirtycommunal baths (hammams) in Kabul, Afghanistan, bringing back to femalecitizens a vital institution for their social and hygienic needs.

January 28: U.S. war planes, including B-1 Lancer bombers, F-16 FightingFalcons and AC-130 gunships, bombed rebel fighters in the mountainous regionnear Spin Boldak, Afghanistan. Some 200 U.S. special forces troops were engagedin the mountain battle.

Before giving his State of the Union address, U.S. president George W. Bushspoke by telephone with President Karzai and reiterated the commitment of theU.S. to seeing “a prosperous, democratic and stable Afghanistan” and that theU.S. would “stay the course.”

In Afghanistan, a decree by Herat Province governor Ismail Khan allowedwomen to perform on radio, television, and the stage for the first time since1992. This move came in response to accusations that Khan was stymieing theadvancement of women in the province.

In the Bagram Air Base barracks north of Kabul, South Korean army major LeeKyu-sang shot and killed Captain Kim Hyo-sung. The captain had refused an orderto speak quietly on the telephone. The call involved the leasing ofconstruction equipment with some Afghans. Kyu-sang, who said he didn’t know thegun was loaded, was arrested.

January 29: The United Nations Environment Programme reported that more thanhalf of Kabul’s water supply was going to waste. It found children working12-hour shifts in dangerous factories, and sleeping at their machines. InHerat, only 10% of the 150 public taps were working. There, and in MazariSharif, Kandahar and Kabul, the team found medical waste from hospitals in thestreets and an abandoned well.

In the Adi Ghar mountain area about 14 miles (23 km) north of SpinBoldak, Afghanistan, U.S.-led coalition forces, consisting of 300 men,identified 27 caves and had cleared 12 of them. The caves contained suppliessuch as food, water, blankets, fuel, mules, and signs that wounded men had beentreated. U.S. and allied warplanes then pounded the cave complex with 500 and2,000 pound (220 and 900 kg) bombs. In fire exchanges, at least 18 rebelfighters were killed. A U.S. AH-64 Apache helicopter came under small-armsfire. This was part of Operation Mongoose.

President Karzai fired his interior minister and replaced him with Ali AhmadJalali, a formermujahideen (holy warrior) commander who fought in theresistance during the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan.

UNESCO and the Afghan government launched a major project to boost literacythroughout Afghanistan. The project was financed by a US$500,000 contributionfrom the Japanese government through a funds-in-trust. The main focus of theproject involved development of literacy teachers production of teachingmaterials. To date, only 51.9 percent of men over the age of 15 and a mere 21.9percent of women in the same age group could read and write.

January 30: An MH-60, an adapted version of the Black Hawk, crashed duringtraining near Bagram Air Base, killing four.

Sweden announced it would contribute $5.9 million to help Afghanistan repaydebts to the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank.

January 31: An anti-tank mine rigged to a mortar bomb destroyed a bridgeoutside Kandahar, Afghanistan, killing as many as 15 people travelling on abus. The bus driver Ahmad Zia, and a 12-year-old boy survived.

February

February 1: The Afghan Presidential Protective Service began assisting U.S.agents to protect President Karzai.

The U.S. base in Gardez was designated as the location of a coordinationcenter for reconstruction projects in the region.

February 2: As part of a global U.N. campaign to cut deaths among mothersand new-born children, UNICEF began a week long project to vaccinate 740,000women in four major [Afghan cities.

February 3: A private memo from Canadian deputy chief, Vice-Admiral GregMaddison to the chief of the Canadian defense staff, Gen. Ray Henault, saidthat command of the United Nations forces in Afghanistan was "not viable withCanada as the lead nation" without multinational support. Canada was scheduledto take over command in August, 2003.

Nabil Okal, an Israeli military court sentenced a Palestinian man to 27years in prison for training in Afghanistan with al-Qaeda. Okal said he wasinnocent.

The U.N. Office on Drugs and Crime reported that Afghanistan remained theworld's largest producer of opium poppy despite efforts to stop trade andcultivation.

Troops of the U.S. 82nd Airborne Division completed clearing more than 75caves in the Adi Ghar mountain of Afghanistan.

February 4: Afghan government forces clashed with suspected Taliban andal-Qaeda fighters in the mountainous area of Shawali Kot north of the city ofKandahar. Two Dutch F-16 aircraft bombed the cave complex as part of afollow-up to the attack.

Twenty female teachers from Afghanistan began a one-month training course atfive women's universities in Japan. The program was sponsored by the ForeignMinistry-affiliated Japan International Cooperation Agency.

February 5:Helge Boes, a CIA counter terrorism officer, was killed and twowounded in a grenade accident during a live fire exercise in easternAfghanistan.

February 6: The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees Ruud Lubbersand the head of the U.S. Permanent Mission, Ambassador Kevin Moley, signedagreements for U.S. contributions for humanitarian needs of $15 million forAfghanistan and $12.1 million for Iraq.

February 7: U.S. troops were fired upon while they were searching a compoundsouth-west of Gardez, Afghanistan in an early morning operation following anintelligence report. There were no casualties on either side.

Kabul residents reported a man on a bicycle dispersed leaflets from apreviously unknown Islamic group (called Pious Mujahideen (holy warriors) ofIslam) demanding the immediate departure of U.S.-led forces from Afghanistanand a return to a strict Islamic dress code for women.

A report by the Post-Conflict Assessment Unit of the United NationsEnvironment Programme revealed that 99% of the Sistan wetlands in Afghanistanand Iran were dried out.

Rebels attacked an Afghan army post on the Ayub Mama post in HelmandProvince near thePakistani border, killing five soldiers and wounding fourothers. Two Afghan soldiers were also abducted.

Twenty-five men arrived at Camp X-Ray at Guantanamo Bay, pushing the numberof terror suspects at the naval base to about 650. The arrivals came a dayafter The Pentagon reported a recent rise in suicide attempts among detaineesat the base.

February 8: German Defence Minister Peter Struck said that US DefenceSecretary Donald Rumsfeld had assured Struck that he would support the Germanproposal for NATO to take over.

February 9: On the orders of President Karzai, 138 people, including 72members of the Taliban, were freed from Afghan jails in a goodwill gesturebefore the Muslim festival of Eid al-Adha. Freed were prisoners who werecritically ill, older than 60, serving minor offences or women who had finishedhalf their sentence.

Afghanistan launched a campaign to recruit more women for training at thenational police academy in Kabul. Priority was to be given to women who weredenied education opportunities under Afghanistan's former Taliban rulers. Todate, There were 29 women among the nearly 1,500 students undergoingtraining.

February 10: Afghanistan became the 89th nation to join the InternationalCriminal Court. The ratification took effect May 1, 2003. The court willprosecute those accused of genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes. Itwill intervene only when a country is unable or lacks the political will tocarry out the trial.

Germany and the Netherlands took over joint command of the internationalpeace-keeping force in Afghanistan. The command was handed over by Turkey'sMaj-Gen Hilmi Akin Zorlu during a ceremony at a secondary school in Kabul.Dignitaries present included President Karzai, German Defence Minster PeterStruck, and the Dutch Defence Minister Benk Korthals. As Lt-Gen Norbert VanHeyst vowed to maintain law and order, a rocket landed a hundred meters from aGerman base in Kabul. Struck was taken to shelter during the visit to Kabulwhen two rockets landed in his vicinity. To date, The German contingent in thepeacekeeping force numbered about 2,500. The Turkish contingent numbered about1,400, but was likely to be reduced to 160 men.

February 11: U.S. bombers fired laser-guided bombs at 25 armed Talibansuspects near the village of Lejay in the Baghran valley. Afghan authoritiessaid that the raids had killed 17 civilians.

February 12: Canada said it would send up to 2,000 troops (consisting of abattle group and a brigade headquarters) to Afghanistan later in the year tobolster the United Nations peacekeeping mission. To date, Canada had twowarships, two maritime patrol aircraft, three transport plans, and about 850military personnel in the region searching for al Qaeda or Taliban operativesfrom Afghanistan.

President Karzai urged the international community not to abandonAfghanistan in the event of a U.S.-led war on Iraq. Such a move, he told theBBC, would lead to instability not just in Afghanistan, but within theregion.

Key members of the United State Senate criticized the Bush administrationfor glossing over difficulties it still faced in Afghanistan. Foreign RelationsCommittee Chairman Richard Lugar said the administration appeared to be losinginterest in Afghanistan.

The British announced that they had granted political asylum to three formerTaliban fighters. None of the fighters had engaged in direct combat withBritish or U.S. troops.

February 13: In Operation Eagle Fury, coalition warplanes dropped four 500pound bombs and fired several hundred rounds of ammunition at the caves.Special forces patrols had collected abandoned ammunition casings androcket-launchers. 15 fighters were captured by more than 100 US troops, whilean estimated 30 rebels were believed to have suffered heavy injuries.

The United States Congress stepped in to find $295M in humanitarian andreconstruction funds for Afghanistan after the Bush administration failed torequest any money in the latest budget. In its budget proposal for 2003, theWhite House did not ask for any money to aid humanitarian and reconstructioncosts in Afghanistan. The chairman of the committee that distributes foreignaid, Jim Kolbe, said that when he asked administration officials why they hadnot requested any funds, he was given no satisfactory explanation. The $295Mwas not even close to the $825M promised in a bill signed by Bush in December2002.

Another detainee attempted suicide at Camp X-Ray at Guantnamo Bay, Cuba. Itwas the 16th attempted suicide there since detentions began.

February 14: In Kabul, four armed robbers stormed into the office of aFrench charity (Solidarity, working to help farmers), tied up two Afghanemployees and stole cash. Police chief General Basir Falangi said authoritieswere investigating and vowed to find the robbers.

Suspected Taliban remnants fired two rockets into the southern Afghan townof Spin Boldak, but there were no casualties. A third rocket landed near aPakistani border post.

February 15: U.S. Defence Secretary Donald Rumsfeld said that the Bushadministration continued to hold the belief that Afghanistan still belonged tothe Afghans. He said US forces were in Afghanistan to promote the goal oflong-term stability and independence through the development of localinstitutions. In response to concerns over the U.S. shifting its focus ontoIraq, he said that whatever else happens in the world, the US would not abandonAfghanistan.

U.S. Lt. Gen. Dan McNeill met separately with President Karzai and villageelders in Helmand Province to discuss a coalition assault a week earlier thatallegedly left several civilians dead. Karzai expressed concerns for the safetyof civilians in operations carried out by US-led military coalition hunting forIslamic militants. Local officials and villagers in Helmand Province have saidthat at least 17 civilians, mostly women and children, had been killed incoalition bombing raids in the mountainous region that week. The U.S. militarysaid that only an eight-year-old boy was wounded in the operation, and addedthat coalition forces had the right to self-defense.

February 16: In Balochistan, Pakistan, strong winds and heavy rains caused awall to collapse in a Latifabad refugee camp, killing a nine-year-old girl andinjuring three of her family members. Some 50 Afghan families in a MohammadKheil camp also lost their homes and tents in the storms. Later in the week,UNHCR distributed tents, food, coal and blankets to the affected refugees,along with 150 tents and 900 quilts to storm-hit refugees in Chaghi refugeevillage in Baluchistan Dalbandin area.

United Nations officials in Kabul said that rains brought signs of recoveryin southern Afghanistan, where reservoirs are filling up in drought ravagedKandahar and Helmand Provinces.

Afghanistan and UNICEF announced a program to re-train thousands ofteachers, particularly women forced out of work during the Taliban regime.About 70,000 teachers across 29 of the country's 32 provinces will begin toreceive the on-the-job training in the coming weeks. Teachers will beinstructed on new ways to teach Dari and Pashtu. They will also be trained toteach awareness of the dangers of landmines.

The United Nations said that authorities were looking for new housing for100 impoverished families who recently moved into cliff-side caves thatsurround the famed Buddha statues destroyed by the Taliban in centralAfghanistan.

The United Nations World Food Program began to distribute to the Afghanpeople 10,000 mt of fortified high-energy biscuits recently donated by theIndian government. President Karzai inaugurated the program by distributingbiscuits to schoolchildren of the Amani High School in Kabul.

Three children drowned when they were swept away by flood waters nearKandahar.

February 17: Afghan officials, workers, and citizens gathered at the Kabulmuseum for the opening of two newly renovated rooms. The purpose of the roomswas to begin repairing the collection of thousands of statues that were smashedin the Spring of 2001. The British Government, with the advice of the BritishMuseum, paid for the renovation, and British soldiers partook in the work.Japan promised photographic equipment, Greece was to rebuild one wing, theAsian Foundation was to develop an inventory, and the U.S. pledged more moneyfor a restoration department. UNESCO was to work on the windows and watersupply.

Officials in Kunduz Province ordered the closure of video shops. The orderwas in response to Western and Indian films that contained violence andnudity.

A statement sent to Pakistani newspapers urged Afghans to wage a holy waragainst U.S. forces and the U.S.-backed Afghan government. The statement wasattributed to fugitive Taliban chief Mullah Mohammed Omar.

An avalanche triggered by heavy rains killed two people and injured fourothers in Kunar Province Afghanistan. Avalanches and heavy snow blocked theSalang Tunnel in northern Afghanistan.

February 18: A fire swept through an observation post outside the U.S.headquarters outside the U.S. military Bagram Air Base, forcing a quickevacuation. The cause of the fire was not known. No one was injured.

The United Nations confirmed reports of new Taliban training camps ineastern Afghanistan.

An 81-year old man from Ohio, Daniel Chick, armed with two pistols anddressed in military-style pants and sweater, was briefly detained in Haifa,Israel. He told police that he was on his way to Afghanistan in hopes ofhunting down Osama bin Laden and claiming a $25 million bounty. He was tryingto board a boat for Cyprus. To avoid facing charges after appearing before ajudge, Chick agreed to give up his weapons and leave Israel. Allegedly, afterleaving the U.S., Chick made stops in Germany to visit his daughter and Italy,where he caught a flight to Israel. His attorney was Gideon Costa.

February 19: Operation Viper began as U.S. CH-47 Chinook helicopterscarrying US troops touched down in Helmand Province in southern Afghanistan.Their mission was to hunt down Taliban leaders believed hiding there.

The U.S. designated former Afghan Prime Minister Gulbuddin Hekmatyar as aglobal terrorist after tying him to acts of terror committed by al-Qaida andthe Taliban. U.S. financial institutions were ordered to freeze all financialassets belonging to Mr. Hekmatyat.

The U.S. agreed to provide US$60 million to Afghanistan to train a nationalpolice force and to wipe out drugs. The agreement for the projects was signedby Zalmay Rassoul and U.S. ambassador to Kabul Robert Finn.

Japan agreed to provide $35 million for a project to disarm militias inAfghanistan. To date, it was estimated that there were between 150,000 and200,000 militiamen in Afghanistan. The aid was to be used to build facilitiesaimed at providing discharged soldiers with an education and employmenttraining.

February 20: President Karzai left Kabul for a four-nation tour (Japan,Malaysia, the U.S., and India). Karzai is accompanied by Foreign Minister Dr.Abdullah and a high-level official delegation.

In Washington, DC, NATO Secretary-General Lord George Robertsondiscussed aproposal that in the summer of 2003 NATO might assist Canada when it took overfrom the Netherlands and Germany in peacekeeping operations in Afghanistan."Wel be examining that over the next few weeks," he said "to see whether thereis a consensus on it, whether it makes sense, how best the job can bedone."

Seeking more ethnic balance, Afghanistan's Defense Minister Mohammed Fahimannounced that it replaced 15 ethnicTajik generals and created a new,high-level post. The ousted generals were replaced by officers from thePashtun,Uzbek and Hazara ethnic groups. The new position of a fourth deputydefence minister was given to Gen.Gul Zarak Zadran, a Pashtun. Abdul RashidDostum kept his post as one of the four deputy ministers. The ousted generalswill be given other jobs within the ministry.

In Kabul, Afghanistan a new commission was formed to further evaluate theproposed laws and present its findings to the cabinet. The commission includedAbdul Rahim Karimi, Enayatullah Nazari, Abdul Salam Azimi, Musa Ashari, andMusa Marufi.

In Kabul, a commission headed by Information and Culture Minister SayyedMakhdum Rahin was formed to oversee the March 21 celebrations of Nawruz(Norouz), the Afghan New Year.

February 21: President Karzai arrived in Tokyo, Japan to attend a conferenceof nations involved in pledging donations toAfghanistan. In a press conference,Karzai expressed confidence that his government would succeed in creating aunified Afghan fighting force, and in stabilizing areas beyond Kabul. But healso acknowledged that fighting has continued between rival warlords and thatterrorist pockets continue to plague areas along the Afghan-Pakistani border.He estimated that about 100,000irregular troops still need to disarm. Japan isthe second largest donor nation of Afghanistan after the U.S.

Canada announced it would not able to run peacekeeping operations inAfghanistan alone later this year, and asked for NATOhelp. Canada will send abattlegroup and a brigade-level headquarters to Afghanistan in August, 2003 totake over command of the 4,000 member United Nations force. Canada's commitmentcould involve as many as 2,800 troops on each of two six-month rotations. Thegeneral in charge of international security policy in the Canadian Departmentof Defense resigned over the decision.

David Singh, the public information officer for the United NationsAssistance Mission in Afghanistan, warned staff to take precautions followinganonymous threats warning of increased retaliation in the context of thepossibility of war between the U.S. and Iraq.

In a press conference, U.S. Military spokesman Colonel Roger King said thatin the last 24-hours Operation Viperbrought about the detention of seven moresuspected Taliban members, bringing the number during the mission up to about25.

German Defence Minister Peter Struck said Germany could withdraw its 2,500troops from the 4,700 strong International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) inAfghanistan if a war in Iraq began and escalated tensions in the region.

Pakistan donated arms and ammunition to the Afghan National Army, signifyingan attempt to strengthen Pakistan influence in the post-Taliban government inAfghanistan. The weapons include 5000 submachine guns, 180 mortars,75rocket-propelled grenade launchers and 10,000 mortar bombs. Pakistan willalso help train Afghan army personnel.

The managing director of Sui Southern Gas Company reported that Pakistanneeded to finalize one natural gas import pipeline project by the end of 2003to meet soaring gas demands in the years ahead. The three projects underdiscussion included an Iran-Pakistan-India gas pipeline, aTurkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan pipeline, and a Qatar-Pakistan pipeline.

February 22: A one-day international donors' conference to help PresidentKarzai tighten control over Afghanistan took place in Tokyo, Japan. There wereabout 45 donor nations and international organizations in attendance. Themeeting, called by Japan, sought to raise money for efforts to disarm warlordsand extend President Karzai's authority outside Kabul, Afghanistan.

In Islamabad, Pakistan, Afghan Minister for Petroleum and Mines JumaMohammad Mohammadi and other administrators from Pakistan and Afghanistanagreed to invite India to take part in a potential $2.5 billion gas pipelineproject to connect the states.

Fighting between supporters of Gen. Abdul Rashid Dostum and rival Gen. AttaMohammed broke out near Maymana, the capital ofFaryab Province. The two sidesbattled with machine guns, rocket launchers and artillery. Six civilians werekilled in the crossfire.

In Tokyo, Japan President Karzai secured $51 million in aid from Japan($35M), the U.S. ($10M), the United Kingdom and Canada ($2.2M).

A massive fire swept through a food and fuel warehouse in the central bazaarin Jalalabad. Six cars, plus large quantities of motor oil, flour, mayonnaiseand other commodities were consumed by the fire.

The Tawainese Department of Customs Administration of the Ministry ofFinance announced that Afghanistan was included in a list of eleven countriesbeing given econd-tier tariff rates in hopes of facilitating tradedevelopment.

February 23: A International Committee of the Red Cross project started inBamyan that provided women with vegetable seeds and training to tend familyplots more productively.

An Afghan soldier working with U.S. special forces was killed and anotherwounded in a firefight at a compound just east of Tarin Kot in UruzganProvince, Afghanistan. The clash also left one enemy fighter dead and anotherwounded.

In a new report entitled "Disaster Management Framework for Afghanistan,"the United Nations urged Afghanistan to draw up plans to respond to naturaldisasters. Achieving that capacity would likely take at least 10 years, thereport said.

About five alleged Taliban fighters fired Afghan security forces about 160kilometers (100 miles) northeast of Kandahar in Zabol Province near thePakistani border. The ensuing fire exchange left one of the attackers dead.Security force commander Haji Wazir Mohammed was seriously wounded.

The United Nations called on donors to help fund the repatriation of anexpected 1.2 million Afghan refugees in the coming year. The repatriation willbegin March 2 and is expected to cost US$195 million, but, to date donors hadonly provided US$15.4 million.

Seven Taliban suspects with a stock of arms and land mines were arrested ata house in Kandahar.

February 24: Afghan Minister for Mines and Industries Juma MohammadMohammadi and Pakistan foreign ministry official Mohammad Farhad Ahmed wereamong eight people on board a Cessna plane that crashed into the Arabian Seashortly after takeoff. The aircraft was headed for Balochistan, Pakistan nearthe Iranian border. Also on board the aircraft were three other Afghanofficials, two crew members and Sun Changsheng, CEO of MCC ResourceDevelopment. They had been traveling to a copper and gold mining project beingrun by a Chinese firm in Balochistan. Weather officials say it was clear andsunny in Karachi at the time of the crash. The plane had crossed into aPakistan military "no-fly zone" before it crashed into the sea.

Jean-Marie Guhenno, the undersecretary-general in charge of United Nationspeacekeeping, called for immediate measures to improve security in Afghanistan,where international aid agencies have been threatened by kidnappings andviolence. Guehenno referred to a series of recent incidents, including mine andgrenade attacks in Kandahar and Kunduz, and kidnapping threats in Kabul,Jalalabad and Kunar provinces where security had been reinforced. He saidcontingency plans had been made for a withdrawal of U.N. agencies from certainareas of Afghanistan. He also added that human rights continued to beundermined by poor overall security, including reports of extra-judiciaryexecutions, extortions and forced displacements.

Lieutenant Colonel Thomas Lobbering, a German spokesman, denied reports thatGermany plans to pull its peacekeepers out ofAfghanistan if there is war inIraq.

The Asian Development Bank announced plans to provide about US$200 millionin financial assistance for the reconstruction ofAfghanistan this year. $150million is earmarked for infrastructure rehabilitation; $50 million isearmarked for agriculture.

The road between Gardez and Khost was cut off by supporters of warlord BachaKhan Zadran after local officials seized a dozen of his militiamen's vehicles.Paktia Gov. Raz Mohammad Dalili sent a delegation of elders to try to resolvethe problem.

Norwegian troops were sent to Afghanistan for a three-month tour. Thesoldiers included a mix of commandos from the Norway's army and navy withtraining in winter and mountain warfare, and mine-clearing personnel. The exactnumber of troops wasn't revealed. Norway also announced that it would pull outits six F-16 fighters by the end of March, 2003.

President Karzai arrived Malaysia for a Non-Aligned Movement summit.

Telephone Systems International purchased 4 million worth of GSM switchingequipment from Siemens Mobile Communications. The equipment, including aSiemens switch, would support TSI's subsidiary, the Afghan WirelessCommunication Company. The switch would be installed in Kabul.

February 25: Habibullah Jan, a district administrator in Nimroz Province inDilaram, 135 miles northwest of Kandahar, Afghanistan, was assassinated. Jan'sbody guard was wounded in the attack.

According to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), about3,400 tons of opium were produced inAfghanistan in 2002, making it the largestopium producer in the world, followed by Myanmar and Laos. The report alsostated that more than three quarters of the heroin sold in Europe originated inAfghanistan. The UNODC called on President Karzai to take a tougher stance onthe production of the illegal crops.

The Afghan government found a giant cache of weapons including mortars,missiles and anti-tank land mines in an abandoned compound in the easternNangarhar region, near the border with Pakistan. Mortars, AK-41 anti-tank landmines, BM-12 Chinese-made missiles and munition rounds were found when troopssearched the compound in Bander district, 70 kilometers (45 miles) south ofJalalabad.

A British SIS officer killed two Afghans with a Makarov pistol during ashootout at the Intercontinental Hotel in Kabul. The shootout was sparked bythe two Afghans pulling a gun in an attempt to abduct him. The British man,identified as Colin Berry, was also shot in the abdomen during the exchange offire. Berry had been operating in Afghanistan for several months previously oncovert operations in relation to Opium trafficking. He was also activelyengaged in the tracing and recovery of Stinger (U.S), Blowpipe (U.K) and SovietSurface to Air launchers and missiles .After the incident Berry was assisted byU.S Special Forces operatives that he had been working alongside. He was takento the 'Italian War Victims' hospital for interim treatment whilst a helicopterwas organised for a flight to neighbouring Pakistan. During the wait the U.Steam was instructed to 'pull back'. As a consequence Berry was discovered andarrested by the Afghan Ministry of Interior - Secret Police. They immediatelydetained Berry at a secret location for questioning.

February 26: President Karzai visited the U.S. Senate Foreign RelationsCommittee in Washington, DC. What was to be a private panel discussion insteadturned into a hearing with television cameras and reporters present. The Bushadministration later apologized to Karzai for the way he was treated by thesenate. In the hearing, Karzai gave an optimistic view of the state ofAfghanistan, to the dismay of some senators. Karzai disputed beliefs that100,000 militiamen living in the provinces are beyond the influence of hisgovernment. He also turned down offers from senators that they lobby for anexpansion of the international force, saying he would prefer to expand the newnational Afghan army, which to date had about 3,000 trained troops.

Canada announced that it would be unable to make any substantial deploymentof ground troops to Iraq because of its commitment to peacekeeping inAfghanistan.

Afghan forces found a giant cache of weapons including mortars, missiles andanti-tank land mines in an abandoned compound in the Nangarhar region.

February 27: During a meeting at the White House, President Karzai askedPresident George W. Bush "to do more for us in making the life of the Afghanpeople better, more stable, more peaceful." Bush said the U.S. had "a desirefor human life to improve" in Afghanistan, but offered no public assurancesthat a war with Iraq would not hinder the Afghan recovery.

U.S. Secretary of Health and Human Services Tommy G. Thompson met withPresident Karzai and renewed the department's commitment to promote health inAfghanistan, including training, staffing and working with the U.S. Departmentof Defense to rebuild a women's hospital in Kabul.

UN spokesman Manoel de Almeida e Silva said that the U.N. suspendedoperations in Gosfandi district of Sar-e Pol Province due to factionalskirmishes.

Former Pakistani Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto told an audience at MaryvilleUniversity in St. Louis, Missouri thatAfghanistan still needs the world'sattention, which has been diverted to a possible U.S. war against Iraq.

February 28: Using a pistol and then a sub-machinegun, an Afghan man killedtwo policemen guarding the U.S. consulate inKarachi, Pakistan. Five otherofficers and a passerby were injured.

U.S. troops discovered a "bomb-making facility" near Jalalabad. The troopsfound the materials after searching five compounds in Shinwar district. Alsorecovered were three 82 mm mortars, one grenade launcher, fivemachine-guns, 1,000 mortar rounds, 300 rockets, mines and thousands ofammunition cases.

Antonella Deledda, Central Asia representative for the United Nations Officefor Drugs and Crime, said from Tashkent, Uzbekistan that the steady flow ofopium and heroin from Afghanistan was causing rising drug addiction and AIDSinfections across the region, especially in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan andUzbekistan.

Ruud Lubbers, the United Nations high commissioner for refugees, traveled byroad from Kabul to Mazari Sharif and met with warlords Abdul Rashid Dostum,Atta Mohammed and Ustad Sayeedi. Afghan Refugees Minister InayatullahNazerialso attended the talks. Lubbers complained about insecurity and ethnictensions and urge the warlords to unite to help Afghans return to theirhomes.

Afghanistan's Defense Minister Mohammed Fahim headed to Washington, DC for asix-day trip intended for talks with U.S. Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld.Also traveling with Fahim was Deputy Defense Minister Gen. Hatiqullah Baryalai.Speaking to the press before his flight left Kabul, Fahim urged the U.S. toprovide more cooperation and financial assistance to rebuild his Afghanistan'snational army.

March

March 1: Two Afghan government soldiers were wounded in a blast inKandahar.

Thousands of people gathered outside a police station in the Dasht-e Barchidistrict of Kabul, Afghanistan after claims that a policeman tried to kidnap awoman there. There were also claims that policemen had raped two women.Surrounding the police station, protesters wanted those responsible for thealleged attack to be punished. Protesters also nominated their own candidatesto police the district. Some merchants closed shop in solidarity. Policeofficers were injured by protesters, who attacked them with stones in westernKabul's Dashta-e-Barchi district. Two civilians were also reported wounded.Shots were fired by police.

The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) announced that395,752 Afghans had voluntarily returned home fromIran since a UNHCR jointprogram with Tehran to the effect began on April 9, 2002. (see details of theUNHCR Afghan repatriation programs)

U.S. troops raided the compound of Haji Ghalib, the chief of security forGhanikhel District of Nangarhar Province in Afghanistan, arresting him and twoothers and seizing heavy weapons. Ghalib's son, Mohammed Shafiq, said the U.S.forces also seized missiles, mortars and a large quantity of anti-tank minesduring the arrest. The two people detained along with Ghalib were notidentified.

Khalid Shaikh Mohammed was arrested in a joint raid by Central IntelligenceAgency (CIA) agents and Pakistani police in Rawalpindi, Pakistan.

Three Afghan soldiers were wounded when their pickup truck ran over alandmine during a routine patrol at Panjwai district, 30 kilometers (20 miles)southwest of Kandahar.

March 2: The San Francisco Chronicle reported that Afghan poverty-strickenfamilies earning money by selling their daughters was on the rise.

Germany pulled out its elite KSK anti-terror forces from Afghanistan. TheGerman defense ministry refused to comment on the report.

Afghan border guards arrested a Pakistani man, Sayed Wali, in easternAfghanistan on charges of illegally entering Afghanistan. They accusing him ofspying for his Pakistan. He was arrested in the Shinwar district nearTorkham.

March 3: At 6 a.m., a rocket hit a house in Kandahar, Afghanistan, injuringa man and his wife and causing panic in the area. The wife, Bibi Koh, was inserious condition.

U.S. military aircraft scattered leaflets over southern Afghanistan,according to residents in Spin Boldak, Afghanistan. The pamphlets offered cashrewards for help in arresting Osama bin Laden and Ayman al Zawahiri. Theleaflets did not say how to collect the money or who to contact to inform onbin Laden.

The U.S. military pushed into a new valley in southern Afghanistan in searchof fugitive leaders of the ousted Taliban regime. 12 people had been detainedover the past three days and more than 60 rifles from two weapons caches werediscovered in Baghni valley. One of the weapon caches was found down a well,wrapped in plastic and tied to a rope.

March 4: U.S. special forces found 96 rocket-propelled grenades, five riflesand ammunition after searching a compound in the southeastern border town ofSpin Boldak, Afghanistan.

A U.S. military vehicle struck a four-year-old Afghan boy just west of thesouthern city of Kandahar, Afghanistan. The boy sustained a severe head injuryand was medically evacuated to Bagram Air Base for evaluation. By March 7 hewas in stable condition.

In Copenhagen, Denmark, two Danish officers faced preliminary charges ofnegligence in connection with an April 6, 2002 explosion that killed five bombsquad members in Afghanistan.

President Karzai arrived in Qatar to participate in the summit of theOrganization of the Islamic Conference (OIC) to discuss the crisis in theMiddle East.

A U.S. soldier was brought to a hospital facility at Bagram, Afghanistanafter being injured when his vehicle rolled over inBamyan Province. The soldierwas in stable condition.

Gunmen killed Sher Nawaz Khan, a Pakistani intelligence official, in aborder area near Afghanistan. Kahn was riding a motorbike to work in the bordertown of Wana, 180 miles (290 km) south of Peshawar. The gunmen followedKhan in a car then shot him repeatedly after knocking him off themotorbike.

Qari Abdul Wali, a military commander in the hard-line Islamic Talibanregime said from a hideout near the southern Afghan town of Spin Boldak thethat arrest of Khalid Sheikh Mohammed would not weaken the al Qaedanetwork.

The U.S. Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC) pledged a $50million line of credit in support of U.S. private sector investment inAfghanistan. This was in addition to the $50 million OPIC line of credit thatthe Bush administration announced January 2002. One project will be theconstruction of a five-star international hotel in Kabul to be managed by HyattInternational, to which OPIC anticipates providing $35 million in financing andpolitical risk insurance. OPIC will also provide political risk insurance toenable a U.S. manufacturer to donate a compressed earth block machine for theconstruction of three schools, at least one of which will be for girls.

March 5: U.S. and Italian military officials announced that about 500Italian troops would soon replace a similar number of U.S. soldiers deployed ineastern Afghanistan's Khost region. About 1,000 Italian soldiers from TaskForce Nibbio had already arrived at Bagram Air Base. Officials said that 500Italians will stay at Bagram and the remaining 500 were to take over inmid-March from Americans at Camp Salerno, a coalition base near the easterntown of Khost. To date 8,000 of the 13,000 coalition forces were from theU.S..

President of Afghanistan Hamid Karzai arrived in India for a four-day visit.Karzai's agenda included boosting bilateral trade and investment and seekingaid for his war-ravaged country.

Near Bagram, Afghanistan, paratroopers from the U.S. 82nd Airborne Divisionseized 132 82mm mortar rounds, 34 pieces of unexploded ordnance and "numerous"anti-tank and anti-personnel mines.

One civilian was killed and three were wounded their jeep struck a landminein Zer-e-Koh, Afghanistan, just south of Shindand Air Base in western HeratProvince, said warlord Ammanullah Khan.

Fighting broke out in Gosfandi, Afghanistan in Sar-e Pol Province betweentwo local commanders, both loyal to warlord Atta Mohammed. At least twofighters were dead and three others wounded.

In Zer-e-Koh, Afghanistan, seven children were injured when explosivesplaced inside a bottle blew up.

Lt. Gen. Norbert van Heyst, commander of International Security AssistanceForce, said in Kabul, Afghanistan that war inIraq could provide an opportunityfor remnant al-Qaida and Taliban forces to try to "destabilize"Afghanistan.

Residents of Khost, Afghanistan found 15 kg (32 lb) of explosivesunder the seat of a motorcycle. They notified U.S. troops at nearby Chapman AirBase. The device, designed to detonate by radio, was dismantled and there wereno injuries.

March 6: A preferential trade agreement was signed in a ceremony in NewDelhi, India attended by President Karzai and Indian Prime Minister Atal BehariVajpayee. The trade pact will enable free movement of goods specified by thetwo countries at lower tariffs. The volume of trade between the two countriesin 2001-02 totaled $41.89 million. Vajpayee also announced a $70 million grantto rebuild a major road in Afghanistan. Included in the pledge was the third ofthree 232-seat Airbus 300-B4s to help rebuild Ariana Afghan Airlines.

"The Situation of Women and Girls in Afghanistan," a United Nations reportrevealed that intimidation and violence against women continue withoutresistance Afghanistan. To date, Afghan women worked, studied and even heldsome government posts, but in more rural areas they continued to be forced intomarriages and were victims of domestic violence, kidnapping and harassment.

U.S. military coroners ruled as homicides the deaths in December 2002 of twoprisoners at a U.S. base in Afghanistan. The two prisoners died at themakeshift prison in the U.S. compound at the Afghan base north of Kabul. Theautopsies found that the men had been beaten, and one had a blood clot in hislung.

At least nine suspected al Qaeda members were killed in an operation by U.S.and Afghan troops in the far west of Afghanistan in the Ribat area, where theborders of Afghanistan, Pakistan and Iran meet.

March 7: During his 3-day visit of India, President Karzai told a businessmeeting in Delhi that he hoped India would join an oil pipeline project to shipgas from Turkmenistan via Afghanistan and Pakistan. Later, Mr Karzai flew tothe Himalayan town of Shimla, India to pick up an honorary doctorate inliterature from his alma mater. Mr. Karzai took a postgraduate course inpolitical science at Himachal University from 1979 to 1983.

Mortar rounds landed about 2.5 km (1.5 mile) from a guard tower northof Bagram Air Base.

In a small village in Vardak Province, three men armed with AK-47s stopped aU.N. World Food Program vehicle and blindfolded its three Afghan occupants. Therobbers stole radio equipment, a satellite telephone and money before fleeinginto the mountains on foot.

U.S. soldiers took a 4-year-old Afghan boy from the central Madr Valley tothe base for treatment of suspected bacterial meningitis. He was in veryserious condition.

U.S. Special Forces near Spin Majid, Afghanistan in Helmand Provincedetained seven men suspected of planning attacks on coalition forces. They weredetained with bomb-making instructions in their possession. U.S. militaryspokesman Col. Roger King did not say whether they were suspected of beingal-Qaida terrorists or supporters of the formerTaliban government.

Sardar Sanaullah Zehri, home minister of Pakistan's Baluchistan province,said two of Osama bin Laden's sons were wounded and possibly held by U.S. andAfghan troops in Ribat. The White House cast doubt on the report. Later, Zehriwould say that he had been misquoted.

A U.S. soldier sustained head injuries in a road accident on in centralBamyan Province was evacuated to Bagram, which serves as the headquarters ofcoalition forces in Afghanistan. The soldier was in stable condition.

The third explosion in as many days rattled Jalalabad, blowing out windowsof a government office but causing no casualties. The bomb was hidden in asewage drain. A bomb detonated near the office of the World Food Program theprevious day. The day before that another exploded near a hospital.

The Republic of Macedonia sent 10 soldiers to be stationed, under Germancommand, in the Kabul.

Fighting erupted on when Uzbek warlord General Abdul Rashid Dostum's menattacked positions held by supporters ofUstad Atta Mohammad's Jamiat-e-Islamifaction in Pashtoon Kot district, south of Faryab's provincialcapital,Afghanistan. Several people were killed or wounded.

March 8: In Jalalabad, U.S. forces released three Afghans after questioningthem at a U.S. detention facility about the whereabouts of Osama bin Laden andGulbuddin Hekmatyar. A U.S. helicopter flew them from Bagram to Asadabad. Oneof the freed men,Saif-ur Rahman, was a border security official in Kunar beforehe was arrested in December 2002.

U.S. troops took part in operations to destroy 800 "bomblets" from a clusterbomb, discovered near Mazari Sharif.

An explosion in the Baghrami District of Afghanistan about 15 kilometres (9mile) south of Kabul killed an interpreter working for internationalpeacekeepers and lightly injured a Dutch soldier. Both were airlifted from thescene asInternational Security Assistance Force troops blocked off the scene ofthe incident on a street lined by shops and mud houses. The injured man was a23-year-old corporal with the 11th Air Mobile Brigade. The explosion wasdetonated by remote control.

Several people were killed or wounded in a fresh outbreak of fightingbetween supporters of Uzbek warlord General Abdul Rashid Dostum and Tajikcommander Ustad Atta Mohammad.

Intensifying efforts to capture al-Qaeda members, a patch of some 400 squarekilometers around the town of Rabat, Afghanistan was the focus of air andground operations by Pakistani army and paramilitary forces backed by U.S. CIAcommunications and tracking experts.

Six medics and three other volunteers in charge of logistics, all fromHungary departed for Kabul, Afghanistan, where they will work at a Germanmilitary hospital and a Dutch surgery unit as part of International SecurityAssistance Force.

The first Afghan radio station programmed solely for women beganbroadcasting in Kabul. The first broadcast was called "The Voice of AfghanWomen." Director Jamila Mujahed said one-hour radio programs would be broadcastevery afternoon in the local Pashtu andDari languages in Kabul on 91.6 FM.

March 9: Pakistani security forces carried out raids in Jalozai andShamshatoo, Afghan refugee camps near Peshawar. No one was detained.

Masood, an Iraqi national and two Afghan men were picked up in Hayatabad,Pakistan. They were questioned for involvement in the slaying of a Pakistaniintelligence officer (was shot and killed on March 4 in Wana) andsuspectedal-Qaida links. Computer discs and other unspecified documents wererecovered from their possession.

President Karzai said that he hoped war in Iraq could be avoided. But healso said the Iraqi people deserved to choose their own government.

The 22nd suicide attempt by a detainee took place at Camp X-Ray inGuantanamo Bay. To date, about 650 detainees from 43 countries were being heldthere on suspicion of links to al-Qaida and the Taliban. To date, the men hadnot been charged and were not allowed lawyers. To date, five detainees had beenreleased, including three Pakistanis and two Afghans.

One U.S. airman suffered multiple fractures to his right foot after he wasstruck by a fork lift truck during aircraft-loading operations at Bagram AirBase, Afghanistan.

A 45-year-old Afghan man to the hospital at Bagram Air Base after he wasshot in the leg in a hunting accident near Orgun.

March 10: Afghanistan officially activated its .af Internet domain name onfor Afghan e-mail addresses and Web sites.

The National Democratic Front was officially launched during a ceremony at aKabul hotel. Its purpose was to foster Western-style democracy and act as acounterweight to Islamic fundamentalism.

The U.S. military denied reports it had stepped up its presence alongAfghanistan's northeastern border with Pakistan in its ongoing hunt foral-Qaeda fugitives. Some sources in Pakistan, however, claimed that Osama binLaden had been in the Siakoh mountain range near Nimroz Province.

Three members of a local council were killed and five wounded in anexplosion in the province in the Zale Dasht district ofKandahar in Afghanistan.The bomb appeared to be operated by remote control. Among the survivingcasualties were Ziaul Haq and Sher Ali Aqa.

U.S. forces in Spin Boldak, Afghanistan detained a man after finding a cacheof anti-personnel mines.

Seeking help in the capture of Osama bin Laden and Mullah Mohammed Omar,U.S. aircraft dropped leaflets in the region of and broadcast radio messages inSpin Boldak.

March 11: President George W. Bush apologized to President Karzai for theway Karzai was treated by a U.S. Senate committee on February 26. Some senatorssaid they feared Karzai, by highlighting facts like millions of childrenreturning to school and the government's smooth introduction of a new currency,had put too positive a spin on Afghanistan's problems. One senator saidstressing the positive could hurt Karzai's credibility.

A delegation of Afghan legal officials and experts gathered in Washington,DC, completed a four-day conference managed byInternational Resources Group andhosted by the U.S. Institute of Peace. The participants worked by consensus tolay out the future of the justice system in Afghanistan.

Three judges on a U.S. appeals court unanimously dismissed a challenge byAfghan war detainees at the U.S. Navy base at Guantanamo Bay in Cuba. Thechallenge regarded their being held without access to their family or a lawyer.The judges agreed that the detainees, which include including two Britons,twelve Kuwaitis and two Australians, were not protected by the U.S.Constitution.

In Lashkar Gah, Afghanistan, two rockets fired by unknown attackers hit twohouses near the governor's house. No one was injured.

One Afghan militia force soldier was killed in a blast near Barikot on theborder with Pakistan. A coalition special forces member and an Afghaninterpreter were wounded.

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